3 Yemen Logistics Services

Yemen Logistics Services

Disclaimer: Registration does not imply any businessrelationship between the supplier and WFP/Logistics Cluster, and is used solely as a determinant of services, and capacities. Please Note: WFP/Logistics Cluster maintain complete impartiality and are not in a position to endorse,comment on any company's suitability as a reputable service provider.

The following section contain information on the logistics services of Yemen.

Yemen - 3.1 Fuel

Fuel Overview

Yemen is a relatively small oil producer and does not belong to the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Unlike many regional oil producers, Yemen relies heavily on foreign oil companies that have production-sharing agreements with the government.
Income from oil production constitutes 70 to 75 percent of government revenue and about 90 percent of exports. Yemen contains proven crude oil reserves of more than 4 billion barrels (640,000,000 m3), although these reserves are not expected to last and output from the country’s older fields is falling, a concern since oil provides around 90% of the country's exports. In 2023, Yemen's total oil production averaged about 15,000 barrels per day (bbl/d), down from 300,000 bbl/d estimated for 2010. Production has been declining extremely due to the complex political conflict in the country.
Fuel is managed by the Ministry of Oil and Minerals through its owned company Yemen Petroleum Company (YPC). Since the political conflict in the country, the country is divided into two authorities one in north and south which led to have two distinct Yemen Petroleum Company (YPC). All importers of fuel should be obliged to handover the fuel imported to YPC for distribution. The following table show the locations of YPC branches and its storage capacity.

List of YPC fuel stations and storage in North of Yemen

Location	YPC Facility Storage Capacity (mt)	Number of YPC Fuel Stations	Fuel Distribution to the market (Litre/Day)	YPC J A1 Storage Capacity (Litre)
Sana’a	58,000	16	6,000,000	1,000,000
Hodeida	100,000	1	2,500,000	N/A
Ras Issa	45,000	N/A	0	N/A

List of YPC fuel stations and storage in South of Yemen

Location	YPC Facility Storage Capacity (mt)	Number of YPC Fuel Stations	Fuel Distribution to the market (Litre/Day)	YPC J A1 Storage Capacity (Litre)
Aden	279,329	21	3,025,500	419,000
Marib	640,000	2	1,000,000	N/A
Shabwah	640,000	5	640,000	N/A
Mukalla	40,516	7	1,000,000	850,000
Sayoun	3,368,200	8	1,000,000	225,000
Al-Mahrah	1,200,000	7	1,000,000	N/A
Taiz	10,000,000	2	1,000,000	N/A
Al-Makha	13,061	2	1,000,000	N/A

Yemen is refining a few quantities of oil produced locally. Yemen is possessing two Refineries, one in Aden (80k barrel/day) and on in Marib (10k barrel/day). Most of the fuel is imported from outside of Yemen. The areas that fuel come from are UAE and KSA. Fuel is discharged in five seaports (Hodeida, Ras Issa, Aden, Mukalla, Nushton). Some of the main importers of fuel are listed herein under.

No.	Importer Name	Location	Contact Details
1	Ahqaf Hadramout General Contracting, Oil & Gas Fields Services	Hadhramaut - Al-Mukalla	Phone: +967 5 326030 – 5 388331
2	Hadramout International Energy Company Ltd	Aden	Phone: +967 2 349997
3	Aden Refineries Company.	Aden	Phone: +967 2 376 234 Email: aden-refinery@arc-ye.com
4	Aden Petroleum.	Aden	Phone: +967 2 370925
5	Yahya Al-Osaili Import Co. Ltd.	Sana’a	Tel. +967-1-450853 Email: info@alosaily.com
6	AL Zahra Trading and Agencies Establishment	Sana’a	Phone: +967-1-413436
7	TAMCO Petroleum Derivatives Corporation.	Sana’a	Phone: +967 1-634630
8	MOPC Oil and Gas Services Company.	Sana’a	Phone: +967 1 334440
9	Al-Sharafi Oil for importing petroleum derivatives	Sana’a	Phone: +967 1 428826
10	ATICO Trading Industry Co. ltd.	Sana’a	Tel. +967 1 613695 Email: info@atico-yem.com
11	Star Plus Yemen Co.	Hodeida	Tel. +967 3 270632 Email: petroyemen16@gmail.com

Fuel provision in Yemen faced many challenges and constraints since the start of the political conflict. During the onset of the political conflict the fuel supply to the country faced a blockage of roads which affected the transportation. In 2015, when the political situation become severe and damages to the ports, fuel strategic storage and ban to all imported shipments, fuel supply to Yemen tragically affected which led to scarcity of fuel. The warehouse of strategic fuel stock destroyed as will the main fuel station destroyed which led to shortage of fuel in the market. As well the Jet A1 strategic warehouse destroyed, also the Jet A1 plant in Sana’a Airport destroyed and fuelling airplanes stopped. However, the Jet A1 warehouse rebuild and fuelling airplanes now is available in Sana’a, Aden, Mukalla and Sayoun.

Fuel Pricing

Fuel price in Yemen is not stable and faced with many changing in price. Since the year of 2011 the fuel price was YER 75 (USD 0.3) for one litre of petrol and YER 50 (USD 0.22) (The exchange rate was USD 1 = YER 224). In the last quarter of the year 2011 after the political situation in Yemen deteriorated, the government applied a new price for fuel. The new fuel price was YER 175 (USD 0.7) (Exchange rate was USD 1= YER 247) for one litre of fuel.

During the years (2013-2014), the new government applied new lower fuel price YER 125 (USD 0.558) for one litre of petrol and YER 100 for one litre of diesel.

In July 2014, the Government of National Accord decided to withdraw the subsides to fuel, which led to increase in fuel price. The excuse behind this decision was that the government wanted to stop the smuggling of fuel and reduce the impact of economic crisis. The fuel price became YER 200 (USD 0.93) for one litre of petrol and YER 195 for diesel (exchange rate is USD 1= YER 215).

In 2015, when the political situation deteriorated again and new government took over the control in the North of Yemen, the fuel price was floated. This decision as well declared the removal of the subsides on fuel (e.i. custom, tax fees and road fund) and to add YER 5 to one litre of fuel for the funding of building electricity plant and oil port lasting for 24 months. The fuel price was YER 135 for one litre of fuel, but the fuel was not available, and fuel was sold in black market with a price of YER 500 for one litre.

In the below table shows the fuel price during the past years till the date.

Date	North Yemen			South Yemen (YER)
Date	Petrol YER/20L	Diesel YER/20L	Jet A1 USD/L	Petrol YER/20L	Diesel YER/20L	Jet A1 USD/L
11^th November 2023	9,500	9,500	1.2	25,000	30,000	1.30
16^th June 2023	9,000	9,000		20,400	20,400
05^th May 2023	9,500	10,000
10^th April 2023	9,500	11,000
February 2022	9,900			17,700
24^th December 2021				13,000	13,600
12^thJune 2021	8,500	7,900		12,200
03^rd June 2020				4,500	5,100
April 2020	5,900	6,900		3,300	4,400
12^th March 2019	7,300	8,600		7,000	7,000
12^th January 2019	6,900	8,200
15^th December 2018	7,900	8,900
November 2017	5,500	5,500
May 2017	4,300

In North of Yemen through Hodeida Port, the fuel price is determined by YPC in its conference on 10^th April 2022 at exchange rate USD 1 = YER 590 as the following:

Description	USD/Ton of Petrol	One Litre/YER	20 Litre/YER
Market average price of fuel	1,1199.1	473	9,466
Cost of shipping and marginal profit of export and import and insurance	130	55	1,100
Demurrage	14	6	119
Total cost arriving Hodeida Port	1,263.1	535	10,684
Customs Fees	122.9	52	1,030
YPC and Storage fees	24.3	10.5	210
Transportation Cost	35.5	12	240
Fuel Station Fee	52.0	22	440
Total Cost sold to Consumer	1,498.3	630	12,604

Fuel Prices in North of Yemen per Litre as of: 19 NOV 23 *(local currency and* *USD - $*)
Petrol	YER 475 – USD 0.90
Diesel	YER 475 – USD 0.90
Paraffin	N/A
Jet A-1	YER 632.4 USD 1.2
Fuel Prices in South of Yemen per Litre as of: 19 NOV 23 *(local currency and* *USD - $*)
Petrol	YER 1,250 – USD 0.845
Diesel	YER 1,500 – USD 1.015
Paraffin	N/A
Jet A-1	YER 1921.4 – USD 1.30

Seasonal Variations

Seasonal Variations
Are there national priorities in the availability of fuel? (i.e. are there restrictions or priorities for the provision of fuel such as to the military?)	Yes
Is there a rationing system?	No
Is fuel to lower income / vulnerable groups subsidized?	No
Can the local industry expand fuel supply to meet humanitarian needs?	Yes
Is it possible for a humanitarian organization to directly contract a reputable supplier / distributor to provide its fuel needs?	Yes

Fuel Transportation

Fuel in Yemen is distributed only through YPC, both in North and South, to the local market using its own bowsers and private bowsers.
In North of Yemen, once the fuel is imported through ports of Hodeida or Ras Issa, YPC is possessing all the fuel to its tanks in Hodeida Port and Ras Issa Port. Then fuel transported from Hodeida port to the strategic storage plants of YPC in North of Yemen. Those plants located in Hodeida and Sana’a. From Hodeida and Sana’a strategic storage plants, YPC putting a plan for distribution to all northern fuel stations on daily basis.
In South of Yemen, once the fuel is imported through ports of Aden, Mukalla and Nushton, YPC is possessing all the fuel to its tanks in ports and then transports it to its strategic storage plants in South of Yemen. Those strategic plants located in Aden, Marib, Shabwah, Mukalla, Sayoun, Al-Mahrah and Taiz. From those strategic plants fuel distributed to the locations within its geographical coverages.
Transportation of fuel faced with many bottlenecks as some of roads are closed due to political constraints and lack of safe roads which either damaged or closed and lack of rehabilitation of roads.
The current capacity can cover the local demand as well as a portion of the demand of the humanitarian community. However, some humanitarian communities are reaching WFP for provision of fuel which are supported through contracting with private companies for importing and distributing fuel.

Standards, Quality and Testing

Fuel specifications are launched in tenders through YPC, below are the specification used by YPC in North of Yemen:

image-20240221143450-1

image-20240221143450-2

Industry Control Measures
Do tanks have adequate protection against water mixing with the fuel?	Yes
Are there filters in the system which monitor where fuel is loaded into aircraft?	Yes
Is there adequate epoxy coating of tanks on trucks?	Yes
Is there a presence of suitable firefighting equipment?	Yes

Standards Authority
Is there a national or regional standards authority?	Yes
If yes, please identify the appropriate national and/or regional authority.	National: Yemen Standardization Metrology and Quality Control Organization Regional:
If yes, are the standards adequate/properly enforced?	Yes

Standards Authority

Is there a national or regional standards authority?

Yes

If yes, please identify the appropriate national and/or regional authority.

National: Yemen Standardization Metrology and Quality Control Organization

Regional:

If yes, are the standards adequate/properly enforced?

Yes

Testing Laboratories
Are there national testing laboratories?	Yes

Fuel Quality Testing Laboratory
Company	Yemen Petroleum Company in North of Yemen
Name
Address	60 Street, Sana’a, Yemen
Telephone and Fax	Telephone: +967 1 444046 – 444047 Fax: +967 1 447691
Contact
Standards Used	ASTM

Fuel Quality Testing Laboratory
Company	Aden Refinery Company
Name
Address	Little Aden (115), Aden Republic Of Yemen, B.O 3003
Telephone and Fax	Telephone: +967 2 376 234 Fax: +967 02 376600/1
Contact	ENG. AHMED MUSAED SAEED, ED
Standards Used	ASTM and IP

Disclaimer: Inclusion of company information in the LCA does not imply any business relationship between the supplier and WFP / Logistics Cluster, and is used solely as a determinant of services, and capacities.

Please note: WFP / Logistics Cluster maintain complete impartiality and are not in a position to endorse, comment on any company's suitability as a reputable service provider.

3.2 Yemen Transporters

Yemen Transporters

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The transportation market in Yemen is relatively well developed, hovewer not structured and transport companies operate under a consortium of pool of truck owners who register their trucks under cooperative office.
In the main logistical hubs transportation agents can access large trucking capacities by pooling together multiple truck owners, they charge transporters directly and there are no additional costs to users above quoted rates.
The capacities listed below refer to trucks that are wholly owned by the companies listed, most of the transporters can expand their listed capacities through sub-contractor arrangements.
In certain regions when tribal tensions are high; trucks may be hijacked for ransom or to pressurize tribal negotiations.

Tariff System contracting for primary route transport

Under the current operational context, WFP logistics unit envisages the continuity of applying the tariff system in the primary transport contracting process where a tariff can be established for multiple transporters for the same route to attend to WFP operational requirements. This can be attributed for the following points:

It is anticipated that the scale of operation (food to be uplifted) shall increase significantly (almost double) in the first six months of 2013 compared with the second six months of 2012.
Following to a quick market assessment, WFP local carriers still depend to a high extent on trucks subcontracting from the local market through established cooperative consortium offices. No single transporter has adequate truck capacity to accommodate multiple EDPs in the current tender.
Most of the WFP local carriers have limited financial capacity. Moreover, local banking is not helpful. Lending is only on high interest rates owing to the Yemeni central bank policy to keep the stabilisation of the exchange rate of the local currency.
Tariff system will allow multiple transporters to provide a combined capacity of transport service to WFP. This shall assist in building the local transport capacity and avoid unforeseen risk of transport cartels or semi-cartels.

Secondary transport definition and classification

In the Yemen operational context, the secondary transport service is meant to cover the cargo movement from WFP intermediate warehouses up to the FDP (final delivery point) where the food consignment custody transfer from WFP to its cooperating partner.

WFP Yemen CO applies standard contract for the secondary route transportation.

For more information on transporters contact details, please see the following documents:

Logistics Cluster_Yemen_Transporters and Clearing and Forwarding Agents_Contact List_Yemen (Feb 2016)

Logistics Cluster_Yemen_Transporters List Per district (Feb 2016)

4.8 Yemen Transporter Contact List

3.3 Yemen Additional Service Providers

Yemen Additional Service Providers: Vehicle Rental, Taxi Companies, Freight Forwarding Agents, Handling Equipment, Power Generation and ISPs

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4.11 Yemen Additional Service Provision Contact List

Yemen Additional Service Providers Additional Information

Vehicle Rental

For a list of vehicle rental companies, please select the contact list provided above.

Taxi Companies

There are ample taxis and taxi companies operating in Sana’a and the main centers. Taxis are identified by their either all mustard yellow color or they are white with yellow. They may have a taxi sign atop, but all taxis can be identified by their mustard yellow license plates that say “ajarah” (as in for rent/hire). Most taxis are not metered.

Freight Forwarding Agents

For a list of freight forwarding agents, please see the link above to the contact list provided above and the following documents:

Logistics Cluster_Yemen_Transporters and Clearing and Forwarding Agents_Contact List_Yemen_150504.xls

Logistics Cluster_Yemen_Transporters List Per district_150504.xls

Logistics Cluster_Yemen_Djibouti Clearing and Forwarding Agents Assessment_August 2017

Handling Equipment

For a list of handling equipment agents, please select the contact list provided above.

Electricity and Power

Yemen is attempting to meet its rapidly growing power needs while reducing its dependence on oil for electricity generation.
According to Yemen's Public Electricity Corporation (PEC), the country's electricity distribution network is inadequate.
Electricity shortages are seen as limiting economic growth in Yemen. Currently, it is estimated that only 35 percent of the urban population and 5 percent of rural households have access to electricity from the national power grid; only 42 percent of the total population has access to electricity.

For additional information on Electricity and Power providers and for information on Electricity Generation, Distribution, Supply Electricity and Power Stability, please select the following document:

Yemen Additional Service Providers Additional Information

Production Unit	Type [1]	Installed Capacity (MW)	Current Production (MW)
Ra's Kanatib (NUEN)	Steam	n/a	165
Al Mukha (NUEN)	Steam	n/a	160
Hiswa (NUEN)	Steam	n/a	110
Local NUEN Stations	Steam	n/a	410
Local Non - NUEN Stations	Steam	n/a	290

[1] E.g. Hydroelectric power, Thermal power…

Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

For further information on Internet Service Providers, please select the following document:

Yemen Additional Service Providers Additional Information

Internet Service Providers
Are there ISPs available? (Yes / No)	Yes
Private or Government	Government
Dial-up only (Yes / No)	No, Dial-up, ADSL, GPRS and V-SAT are all available.
Approximate Rates	Dial-up:	n/a
Approximate Rates	Broadband:	n/a
Max leasable ‘dedicated’ bandwidth	ADSL 1024 Kb/s, DSL 2048 Kb/s

Please note that this is not an exhaustive list. WFP maintains complete impartiality and is not in a position to endorse or comment on any company’s suitability as a reputable supplier/service provider. The list is provided for general information only and the inclusion of a company on the list does not imply recommendation by WFP

3.4 Yemen Manual Labor Costs

Yemen Manual Labor Costs

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There are many labour team availability in the labour market of of Yemen. Labor requirements are usually provided for by respective service providers (transporters, stevedoring companies, freight forwarders etc) and incorporated into the main services rendered. There is however a distinct lack of any organization dedicated solely to labor provision as the demand is already catered for.

Type of labour	Local Currency	USD	Year/month
Daily general worker (unskilled casual worker)	n/a	11.65 per day	Aug 2012
Daily general worker (semi-skilled)	n/a	16.30 per day	Aug 2012
Skilled labour	n/a	23.25 per day	Aug 2012

3.5 Yemen Telecommunications

Yemen Telecommunications

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There are a number of systems of communications in Yemen. TeleYemen is the exclusive provider of international telecommunications for Yemen—fixed-line and wireless mobile companies, telex, and Internet services—and is one of the mobile-phone operators.In 2003 the government-owned Public Telecommunications Corporation assumed full control of TeleYemen, and a year later it awarded a five-year management contract to France Telecom.

The infrastructure of the domestic system consists of microwave radio relay, cables and tropospheric scatter. The international network consists of three Intelsat (two Indian Ocean, and one Atlantic Ocean), one Intersputnik and two Arabsat satellite earth stations, and a microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and Djibouti. Since unification in 1990, efforts have been made to create a national telecommunications network.

Telephone Services
Is there an existing landline telephone network? (Yes / No)	Yes
Does it allow international calls? (Yes / No)	Yes
On average, number and length of downtime periods	Usually downtime periods are relatively short and irregular, reconnection is usually within 24 hours anywhere in the country.
Mobile phone providers (List)	Yemen Mobile, Sabafon, MTN, and WAY.
Estimated availability and coverage (Approximate percentage of national coverage)	Overall coverage is close to 100%, through using different providers for different areas.

Telecommunication Regulation

Attaining importation clearances for telecommunications equipment is very difficult in Yemen as there are stringent procedures in place due to the current conflicts and levels of insecurity in the country.

Licensing procedures

In addition to usual custom clearance procedures telecommunication equipment also requires approval from the importation committee which comprises; National Security, Airport / port Security, Political Security and Ministry of Telecommunications in addition the MoFA approval. For further details see 1.4 Customs information; sections; 1.4.1 Duties and tax exemptions and 1.4.2 Customs clearance.

Regulations
Regulations on usage or import of:	Yes / No	Regulating Authority
Satellite	Yes	Telecommunications Importation Committee
HF Radio	Yes	Telecommunications Importation Committee
UHF/VHF/HF radio: handheld, base and mobile	Yes	Telecommunications Importation Committee
UHF/VHF repeaters	Yes	Telecommunications Importation Committee
GPS	Yes	Telecommunications Importation Committee
VSAT	Yes	Telecommunications Importation Committee
Individual Network Operator Licenses Required n/a Frequency Licenses Required n/a

Existing Humanitarian Telecoms Systems

UNDSS operates a radio room in UNDP compound in Sanaa, their contact details are as follows:
Direct Line : +967-1-448860
Cell Phone: +967-712222415
VHF Call Sign: SS Base (Sierra Sierra Base)
HF Call Sign: MSS (Mike Sierra Sierra Base)
Email: dssradioroom.ye@undp.org

UNDSS operates a radio room in UNHCR compound in Aden, their contact details are as follows:
Cell Phone: +967-712222460
VHF Call Sign: AS Base (Sierra Sierra Base)
HF Call Sign: MAS (Mike Sierra Sierra Base)
Email: dssradioroom2.ye@undp.org

UNDSS advised to maintain the confidentiality of their radio frequencies, for inquiries or further details please contact the radio room directly.

UNDP have 1 active repeater in Sana'a and have two active frequencies although they are only using one and are authorized by the ministry of telecommunications to have three.

UNDP had plans to establish another repeater in Harad, however the equipment has not yet been cleared for importation.

UNHCR have a repeater established in Aden that they are sharing with UN agencies

Most UN agencies in Yemen have a VSAT established.

Existing UN Telecommunication Systems
Organisations	UNDP	WFP	UNHCR	UNICEF	WHO
VHF frequencies	Sharing	3 Channels	Sharing	Sharing	Sharing
HF frequencies	Sharing	12 Channels	Sharing	Sharing	Sharing
Repeaters (Locations)	Yes	2 – Sana'a and Aden	1 - Aden	Yes	Yes
VSAT	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

3.6 Yemen Food Suppliers, Accommodation and Other Markets

Yemen Food Suppliers, Accommodation and Other Markets

Return to Yemen overview page

4.11 Yemen Additional Service Provision Contact List

Main Food Suppliers

For a list of main food suppliers and of suppliers of other commoditites, please select the link to the contact list above.

Accommodation

For a list of the main accommodation providers, please select the link to the contact list above.

Yemen - 3.7 Waste Management and Recycling Infrastructure Assessment

Overview

At present, all collection, transport, and disposal of waste is provided by the Local Authorities. In each town there is a collection team and fleet that pass to collect waste directly at certain times of the day. Additionally, there are dumpsites distributed in various locations in the town, which are located in different locations randomly.

The fuel crisis and the interruption of workers’ salaries negatively affected the removal of waste and caused a delay in its removal in some areas, in addition to the lack of equipment and waste collection vehicles that were not sufficiently available even before the conflict, as the rate of waste removal from various cities was around 65% and 5% in rural areas, but with the outbreak of conflict, 45% of vehicles were looted and destroyed, in addition to the great pressure on some cities due to internally displaced people.

At present, a few large Yemeni cities have planned landfills, but otherwise open dumping is the usual form of waste disposal in the cases where the waste is collected.

Approximately 60% of household waste is not removed, and a large percentage of these piles are piled up on the streets of cities and valley drains in some areas, as happens in Al-Mahra, where waste poses a danger with rainfall, as the torrents flowing in the rainy season wash away waste accumulates in the outfalls, obstructing the flow of water, and ends up flooding the valley and causing damage to neighbouring farms and homes.

Official waste collection sites were a problem even before the conflict. The number of official landfills does not exceed twenty-one, only 6 of which are subject to supervision, while the remaining landfills are open. Most of the waste is not buried in landfills, which poses a major environmental and health threat and greenhouse gases are emitted into the atmosphere. On the other hand, leaching resulting from waste seeps through the ground layers to find its way into the groundwater reserve, the main source of water in Yemen, in addition to the rise in the possibility of landslides, especially with rainfall.

In each large city in Yemen there is a landfill which is managed by the Local Authorities. Some of the landfills are detailed here. In Sana’a city there is one landfill in Alzraqain. In Ibb city there is one landfill in Alsahoul. In Taiz city there are 2 landfills, one in Alqaidah and one in Mafrq Shara’ab. In Dhamar there is on landfill. In Albaidah there is one landfill. In Hodeida there are two landfills in Alsaleef and Zabid. In Aden there are two landfills, one temporary in Alhisuah and the main landfill in Bair Alna’amah. In Mukalla there is one landfill. In Sayoun there is one landfill.

The drawbacks to majority of dumpsites throughout Yemen include the following problems:

The dumpsite location was selected without consideration of the hydrogeological or topographical suitability of the site.
No preparatory works or site engineering has been done on the dumpsites.
There is no access control, no permanent staff for site management and no landfill machinery assigned to the site.
Soil or sand cover is not used and the placement of the waste in the landfill is not planned and not methodical.
There is often air pollution from fires on the dumpsites.

National legislation and laws:

Law No. 20 of 1999: Establishment of the City Cleaning and Development Fund and the following amendments: Collection and management of revenues to provide solid waste management services.
Law No. 26 of 1995 Environmental Protection Law: defines waste, hazardous waste, dealing with hazardous waste, and harmful environmental activities, including pollution crimes.
Law No. 39 of 1999 Public Cleanliness Law: defines roles, responsibilities, and methods of dealing with several types of waste.
Law No. (16) of 2004 regarding protecting the marine environment from pollution.

The government body responsible for waste management is the City Cleaning and Improving Fund which is administrated by Ministry of Local Administration. For each major city in Yemen there is a cleaning and improving fund, any cleaning and improving fund for any new city should be approved by the Council of Ministers.

Sana’a Municipality Cleaning and Improving Fund contact details:

Call Centre: 8000072

Telephone: +967 775891761 or +967 779066600

The recycling industry is new to Yemen and began with recycling plastic, metals, and glass. There are recycling plants scattered around the country in major cities like Sana’a, Taiz, Aden and Hodeidah.

The process begins with the street cleaners and rubbish collectors who gather plastic, metal and other waste from streets, homes and other places and then sell them to waste yard owners. These junkyard owners then sell the recyclable materials to larger merchants, who sell them to factories for recycling.

There are more than fifty registered recycling plants across Yemen. They receive recyclable materials through an informal network of waste brokers and scrap buying shops.

The following chart identifies the types of wastes in Yemen.

image-20240221143820-1

Hazardous Waste Disposal

In Yemen there is no presence of waste disposal for each type of hazardous wastes especially the e-waste, appliances, air conditioners, refrigerators, and oils. However, in this section, we will consider the waste disposal of medical waste.

Lubricants are collected from the workshops and reused in cement factories and clay breaks sites. Currently, there are four recycling factories in Yemen for batteries as well as batteries collected dried and exported.

Hazardous medical waste is produced from sources that are contaminated or potentially contaminated with infectious, chemical, or radioactive agents. The percentage of the total medical waste is 15-25% of medical waste, as it poses a danger to the individual, society, and the environment during its collection, storage, transportation, or disposal.

image-20240221143820-2

Medical waste cycle within health facilities

Sorting the types of waste at the source of their generation is a scientific process that takes place so that each type of waste can be kept separate from the other.
Collection from its source.
Internal transportation within the facility.
Internal storage
Treatment inside the facility or outside in the medical waste disposal facility.
Transportation of waste from the facility to the treatment station or landfill for treated waste.

Medical Waste Disposal Methods:

Autoclave: Wet thermal steam disinfection involves sterilizing shredded infectious waste with steam at elevated temperature and pressure. This process inactivates most types of germs if the temperature and contact time are sufficient. Bacterial spores need a temperature of at least 121°C to kill them, as it is expected that the activity of 99.99% of germs will be inhibited at this temperature.
Microwave: Microwave sterilization is considered the third most widely used medical waste treatment technology in the world, as it uses ultrashort waves instead of steam for heating. It destroys most germs under the influence of microwave waves with a frequency of 2450 MHz and a wavelength of 12.24 cm. The water inside the waste is quickly heated by microwave waves, and the infectious components are destroyed by thermal conduction. They are exposed to the waves for 20 minutes, after that the waste is compressed and placed inside drums and sent to the landfill.
Encapsulation: which includes filling containers with waste, adding a retarding agent, and closing the containers tightly. This process is used either in boxes made of high-density polyethylene or metal drums that are filled to three-quarters of their volume with the sharp tools and leftover chemicals or pharmaceuticals. The boxes or barrels are then filled with an intermediate material such as plastic foam, sand, cement mortar, or clay material. After the intermediate material dries, the containers are tightly closed and disposed in the landfill sites.
Landfill: The process of burying waste containing organic materials leads to the decomposition of microbes and microorganisms, both aerobically and anaerobically, due to the availability of organic matter and liquids in the waste. The afore mentioned decomposition process takes place over months and years depending on temperatures and the availability of air and water. Medical waste that has been previously shredded, covered, or treated with sterilization can be disposed of in landfills.
Incineration: It is a process of dry oxidation under elevated temperature that reduces organic and permeable wastes into inorganic, incombustible materials and leads to a significant reduction in the volume and weight of the waste. This method is chosen to treat waste that cannot be recycled, reused, or disposed of at the landfill site.

Non-Hazardous Waste Disposal

Waste is collected from its source from houses, shops, companies, and factories. Waste trucks passed every day to collect waste as well as there are dumpsites located in various places randomly. Waste transported to the landfills for disposal either by burning it or burying it under ground.

Some items collected by rubbish collectors for recycling. Those items are plastic and metal which then sold to the small traders who then sell them to the exporters or large traders who process them and reuse them in producing new products such as electrical and wastewater pipes.

Yemen has sixteen sewage treatment plants (STPs) that are functional and nine under construction. The data in Table 1 indicate that the actual ﬂow rate (m3/d) of STPs in the capital city of Yemen (Sana’a) is more than the design ﬂow rate which negatively affects the efﬁciency of treatment plants. In comparison, the STP in Taiz was designed with a capacity of 17,000 m3/d but the plant receives more than 25,000 m3/d.

It has been reported that 9% of the STPs treat sewage from the primary to the secondary stage with activated sludge using Imhoff tanks. In contrast, 68% depend only on stabilization ponds which represent the main problem in Yemen since stabilization ponds are designed as a primary treatment process which has extremely low capacity to reduce pathogens in sewage. Furthermore, the total capacity of the STPs in Yemen range between 230,388 m3/d and 239,388 m3/d, while the total quantity of sewage generated was 277,777.8 m3/d from 1.7 million people (representing 7% of the total population which is 24.5 million)

Process of Sewage Treatment Plants in Yemen

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List of wastewater treatment plants in Yemen

One of the limitations which reduces the efﬁciency of STPs in Yemen is the absence of energy required for operating wastewater and sewage treatment plants. Consequently, the segregation or separation of black water from greywater is an option for increasing the efﬁciency of STPs and minimizing the health risks associated with wastes in Yemen.

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