2 Egypt Logistics Infrastructure

The transportation sector is one of the main drivers of economic development and growth in Egypt, linking production and consumption markets. Egypt’s unique geographic location combined with an expanding infrastructure base is enhancing the country’s position as a key global logistics hub. Egypt is currently embarking on a host of transportation projects in metros and tunnels, railways, ports, and roads.

Roads

Roads play a key role in Egypt transport network, with 94% of Egypt’s freight using roads. Egypt has climbed from the 118th in 2014 in the global road’s quality ranking to 75th in 2018.

Egypt's government spent LE 22.5 billion to build 5,000 km of new roads and renovate and develop others. 2018 saw the new roads significantly reduce the traffic accidents in Egypt. In September 2018, the Egyptian President inaugurated road projects worth LE 7 billion; six over-the-Nile bridges have been completed and another ten are still under construction.

At a cost of LE 36 billion, Egypt will increase its roads in km from 24,000 to about 29,000. Most prominently, the government has focused on highways. It is expected that all road developments within this project will be complete by 2020; the roads established as a result of this project will constitute about 20% of all roads in Egypt. 

The government plans a series of road upgrades, including:

Egypt MOT - The National Roads Project - Phase 1 - Ahmad Hamdi Tunnel Link.
Egypt MOT - The National Roads Project - Phase 1 - Assiut/Sohag/Red Sea Road.
Egypt MOT - The National Roads Project - Phase 1 - Cairo to Suez Road Enhancement.
Egypt MOT - The National Roads Project - Phase 1 - Eastern Circular Sector Road.
Egypt MOT - The National Roads Project - Phase 1 - Eastern Ring Road.
Egypt MOT - The National Roads Project - Phase 1 - Faiyum/Wahat Road.
Egypt MOT - The National Roads Project - Phase 1 - Farafra/Ain Dallah Road.
Egypt MOT - The National Roads Project - Phase 1 - Khashm El Raqba Road.
Egypt MOT - The National Roads Project - Phase 1 - Minya/Ras Gharib Road.
Egypt MOT - The National Roads Project - Phase 1 - Qena to Safaga Road.
Egypt MOT - The National Roads Project - Phase 1 - Regional Ring Road.
Egypt MOT - The National Roads Project - Phase 1 - Sheikh Fadl to Ras Gharib Road.
Egypt MOT - The National Roads Project - Phase 1 - Shubra to Banha Road.
Egypt MOT - The National Roads Project - Phase 1 - Shubra to Banha Road Expansion - Sector 2.
Egypt MOT - The National Roads Project - Phase 1 - Sohag to Al Ghardaqa.
Egypt MOT - The National Roads Project - Phase 1 - Wadi Al Natrun to Al Alamein Road
Egypt MOT - The National Roads Project - Phase 3 - Cairo/Western Assiut Road.
Egypt MOT - The National Roads Project - Phase 3 Suez to Ahmad Hamdi Tunnel Road.
Egypt MOT - The National Roads Project - Phase 3 Wahat Road/6th October.

Ports

The government is reported to be planning to triple trade handled by ports in Egypt and has drafted a long-term plan to raise ports capacity from 120 million tonnes to 370 million tonnes by 2030.

The Red Sea Ports Authority (RSPA) manages nine ports in the Red Sea: Portawfik, Petroleum Basin Port, Adabeya, Sukhna, Hurghada, Safaga, El-Tur, Sharm El-Sheikh and Nweiba. The RSPA is responsible for constructing and periodically maintaining the marine quays of all nine ports, and for servicing the ships using these ports.

The RSPA announced plans to construct dry bulk, container and mixed-use terminals along the nine ports managed by the authority. RSPA has planned 15 projects with an average value of US$ 60 million; and eight projects with an average value of US$ 400 million.

The most notable projects will take place in Soukhna Port, which lies south of Suez and forms part of the Suez Canal Area Development Project (SCADP)

Constructing, operating and managing a Liquid Bulk Terminal

Capacity: 15 million tonnes of oils per year
Quay: 2,000 m long; 14 - 17 m deep
Land area: 900,000 m²
Estimated Capex: US$ 650 million

https://egyptoil-gas.com/news/liquid-bulk-terminal-to-receiver-500m-in-financing/

Constructing, operating and managing a Dry Bulk Terminal

Capacity: 12 million tonnes per year
Quay: 1700 m long; 17 m deep
Land area: 720,000 m²
Capex: US$ 500 million

Constructing, operating and managing an Agricultural Crops Terminal

Capacity: 8 million tonnes per year
Quay: 1,100 m long; 14 - 17 m deep
Land area: 580,000 m²
Capex: US$ 360 million

Constructing, operating and managing a Second Containers Terminal

Capacity: 5 million equivalent containers per year
Quay: 2,200 m long; 17 m deep
Land area: 2,000,000 m²
Capex: US$ 650 million

Constructing, operating and managing Dry Bulk Terminal No. 2

Capacity: 8 million tonnes per year
Quay: 1,100 m long; 17 m deep
Land area: 510,000 m²
Capex: US$ 287 million

Constructing, operating and managing a Third Container Terminal

Capacity: 6 million equivalent containers per year
Quay: 2,500 m long; 17 m deep
Land area: 1,700,000 m²
Capex: US$ 715 million

Constructing, Operating and Managing Multi-purpose Terminal (1)

Capacity: 2 million tonnes per year
Quay: 580 m long; 17 m deep
Land area: 400,000 m²
Capex: US$ 143 million

Constructing, Operating and Managing Multi-purpose Terminal (2)

Capacity: 2 million tonnes per year
Quay: 750 m long; 17 m deep
Land area: 370,000 m²
Capex: US$ 173 million

Railways

The co-chairman of the Egyptian National Railways (ENR) announced a US$ 10 billion investment over 10 years to upgrade and maintain the antiquated railways network; with US$ 2.2 billion coming from the World Bank. The investment will upgrade the rolling stock, rail Infrastructure, as well as training and knowledge transfer. Egypt has plans to expand and upgrade its rail network. There are plans to connect Luxor and Hurghada by a railway line, and to build light rail to connect Cairo with its two main satellite cities: 6th October in the west and New Cairo in the east. However, the most notable railway project is the High-Speed Rail (HSR) from Alexandria to Aswan. HSR is a new railway alignment dedicated for the high-speed train between Alexandria and Aswan through Cairo, Assiut and Luxor. The line is planned to be built in three phases:

Phase I: Cairo - Alexandria

A pre-feasibility study has been conducted by an Italian company, and indicated the following key parameters:

Line length: 202 km
The running speed: 300-350km/h
Execution duration: 5 years
 Trip time: 60 minutes non-stop
 Expected passengers: from 10 to 18 million/year
Capex estimate: US$ 3.5 billion

Phase II: Cairo - Luxor

The development of the tender document and TOR for the feasibility study is ongoing. The basic data of the line are:

Line length: 680 km
The running speed: 300-350 km/h
Execution duration: 8 years
Expected passengers: 25 to 30 million/year

Phase III: Luxor - Aswan

The development of the tender document and TOR for the feasibility study is ongoing. The basic data of the line are:

Line length: 210 km
The running speed: 300 -350km/h
Expected passengers: 25 to 30 million/year

In 2018 with the successful implementation of the country’s largest project to improve railway efficiency and infrastructure came at a cost of LE 12.5 billion. The results of the project will be presented next year, along with the purchase of 1,300 coaches at a cost of LE21 billion alongside 100 locomotives. The ministry has already completed the largest and most difficult part of investment, which is investing in infrastructure such as with a new project to electrify train signals in accordance with international standards, allowing trains to go up to 140 km/hour.

2.1 Egypt Port Assessment

Egypt’s geographical location leads an important aspect to the maritime transport sector as it overlooks both the Mediterranean and Red Sea, linked by the Suez Canal. The Suez Canal remains a huge asset as it is the main trade route between Europe and Asia, accounting for roughly 7.5% of world sea trade. Any disruption on the narrow passage could cause major delays and cause a spike in transport costs. Most importantly, the Suez Canal is one of the world’s five ‘strategic chokepoints’, defined as narrow sea passages or straits, through which the overwhelming majority of the world’s oil flows.

Egypt has 40 sea ports, of which 12 are commercial ports; six mining ports; six fishing ports; five marinas; and 10 oil-shipping ports. Among the most important ports are Alexandria, the biggest port in Egypt, and the Port of Dekheila, which is a natural extension to the Port of Alexandria.

2.1.1 Egypt Port of Alexandria

Port Overview

Key port information can also be found at: Website of the Maritime Database on the Port of Alexandria

The Port of Alexandria contains two harbours separated by a peninsula. The East harbour is too shallow for navigation, and the West harbour is used for commercial shipping and trade. The Port of Alexandria has two navigation channels. Pilotage is required for all vessels entering or leaving the Port of Alexandria. The Port of Alexandria covers a total area of 10.2 km², including 2 km² of land and 8.5 km² of water.

Port website: Alexandria sea port webpage

Port Location and Contact
Country	Egypt
Province or District	Alexandria
Nearest Town or City with Distance from Port	Name: Alexandria
Port's Complete Name	Alexandria Sea Port
Latitude	31° 11' 36.9492" North
Longitude	29° 52' 34.5252" East
Managing Company or Port Authority	General Authority for Alexandria Port
Management Contact Person	Admiral / TARIK SHAHIN
Nearest Airport and Airlines with Frequent International Arrivals/Departures	Airport Name: Borj El Arab Airlines: EgyptAIR

Port Picture

Description and Contacts of Key Companies

For more information on port contacts, please see the following link: 4.4 Egypt Port and Waterways Companies Contact List

Port Performance

General analysis of port operating status during 2017.

Alexandria Terminal

The present throughput capacity for Alexandria container terminal Is 500,000 TEU, while the design capacity was 160,000 TEU.

The Alexandria Terminal has:

 Special Depot for Stripping L.C.L.

 Special Yard for Stuffing Exported Cargo In Containers.

Terminal Area	163,000 m²
Storage Capacity	15,500 TEU
Container Quay Length	531m
Water Depth	12m
Ro / Ro Quay Length	164m
Ro / Ro Slide Width	50m
Reefer Connections	1000 Connection

El-Dekheilla Terminal

The present throughput capacity for EL-Dekheilla Terminal is 1 million TEU.

EL Dekheilla Terminal has a depot for storing cargo received in L.C.L. & Hazardous Cargo Containers.  

Terminal Area	406,000 m²
Storage Capacity	27,000 TEU
Container Quay Length	1040m
Water Depth	12-14m
Ro / Ro Quay Length	Part of the Main Quay
Ro / Ro Slide Width	50m
Reefer Connections	1000 Connection

Ships and cargo Status in Alexandria (2017 Annual Report)

Total number of ships was 4232, with the following details:

General goods: 1220 ships
Tankers: 641 ships
Containerised: 1274 vessels
Break Bulk: 661 ships
Ferries: 240 ships
Pax (tourism ): 8 ships

Total Quantity Handled Cargo: 56,648,662 ton, consisting of:

Total Handled tonnage - 44,101,054 MT (78%)
Total Quantity Exported Cargo - 12,547,608 MT (22%)

Total Handled Containerised cargo: 1,612,740 TEU STC 3,706,138 ton, split as follows:

Total Imported Containers 826,994 TEU STC 2,285,355 tons (62% of total)
Total Exported Containers 785,746 TEU STC 1,420,783 tons ( 38% of total )

Total non-containerised cargo: 42,124,770 MT, out of which:

Imported cargo: 35,396,530 MT
Exported cargos: 6,728,240 MT

Handled Food Commodities:

Wheat: 1,857,901 (50% )
Corn: 1,530,705 mt (42%)
Soya bean: 293,946 (8%)

Seasonal Constraints
	Occurs	Time Frame
Rainy Season	Yes	From October to February
Major Import Campaigns	No	N/a
Other Comments	N/a

Handling Figures for 2017
Vessel Calls	4232
Container Traffic *(TEUs)*	1,612,740

Handling Figures Bulk and Break Bulk for 2017
Bulk *(MT)*
Break bulk *(MT)*	42,124,770

Berthing Specifications

Type of Berth	Quantity	Length *(m)*	Maximum Draft *(m)*	Comments
Conventional Berth	48	6532	12.81
Container Berth	4	732	12.49
Silo Berth	3	695	10.00
Berthing Tugs	68	N/a	N/a
Water Barges	NA	N/a	N/a

See this link for further narrative about berths available on the Port of Alexandria website.

General Cargo Handling Berths

Cargo Type	Berth Identification
Imports - Bagged Cargo	1/5-2/5-3/5-4/5-9-10- 11-12-13-14-25-26-27- 28-35-36-37-38-39-40- 41-42-43-44-82
Exports - Bagged Cargo	Same as above
Imports and Exports - RoRo	25/26 M
Other Imports	3

Port Handling Equipment

Port equipment is managed by the government.

Equipment	Available	Total Quantity and Capacity Available	Comments on Current Condition and Actual Usage
Dockside Crane	Yes	9 Panamax 6 super post Panamax	With twin spreader
Container Gantries	Yes	29
Mobile Cranes	Yes	27
Reach stacker	Yes	8
RoRo Tugmaster (with Trailer)	Yes	75
Grain Elevator with Bagging Machines	Yes	N/a
Transtainer	Yes	16
Forklifts	Yes	15

Container Facilities

Facilities	20 ft	40 ft
Container Facilities Available	Yes	Yes
Container Freight Station (CFS)	Yes	Yes
Refrigerated Container Stations	Yes	Yes
Other Capacity Details
Daily Take Off Capacity *(Containers per Day)***	2200 TEU
Number of Reefer Stations (Connection Points)	2000
Emergency Take-off Capacity	N/A	N/A
Off take Capacity of Gang Shift (*Containers per Shift)***	N/A	N/A

Customs Guidance

The Customs Department is one of the interests of the Ministry of Finance and extends its role from the collection of fees and taxes to control the movement of goods imported to the country and goods imported from the country.

The core functions of the Customs can be determined as follows:

The collection of fees and taxes and other receipts paid by importers and exporters according to the Customs Tariff Act and other relevant laws.
Protect state revenues, and that by preventing the evasion of duties and ensure payment of fees and taxes due
Control of warehouses in ports and marine air, and follow-up of raw materials exempted from customs duties
Supervision on the movement of the stock of goods in the stores of public and private warehouses authorized to store imported goods
Commitment to implement the decisions and rules and standards issued by the ministries and government departments other in the country such as the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Commerce and the Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of the Interior, and also the interest of the veterinary quarantine and quarantine, and the Drug Enforcement Administration and management of the inspection of weapons and explosive materials, Ministry of management and internal control over artistic works and publications.
Of functions that are specific to the Customs Department is to combat smuggling, either to the inside or outside the country through customs, either sea or air, or land. Customs and focus its efforts in following up on all the ports that are expected to occur through smuggling activities taking place in order to avoid paying duties and taxes or to enter drug and prohibited materials into the country, or breach of customs legislation.
And the customs with the help of other regulatory bodies to tighten control over the incoming or outgoing goods or prohibited. Examples of such Bodies:
1. Ministry of Communications and Information
2. Department of Health
3. Ministry of the Interior
4. Department of State
5. Department of Defense
6. Drug Enforcement Administration
7. Industrial Control Authority
8. interest quarantine
9. Department of censorship and Publication
10. Environmental Protection Agency
11. and other
And Customs is working to enhance the performance of customs tariff in various sectors, and through the introduction of new techniques such as pre-release and also the application of risk management techniques widely in various areas of customs.

And all disclosures and inspection of the goods, whether imported or exported by the customs, those goods are dealt with according to special rules for testing adhered to by staff in the departments of customs examination.

For more information on customs in Egypt, please see the following link: 1.3 Egypt Customs Information

Terminal Information

MULTIPURPOSE TERMINAL

Approximately 27 terminals operative to handle the conventional cargo. They vary from 70m to 360m length and 5m to 11m draft.

GRAIN AND BULK HANDLING

There are nine terminals to handle the grain and flour. They vary from 60m to 210m length and 6m to 11m draft.

MAIN STORAGE TERMINAL

Storage Type	Number of Storage Facilities	Area (m²)
Bagged Cargo	N/a	N/a
Refrigerated Cargo	N/a	Approx. 3,760 m²
General Cargo	N/a	Approx. 86,136 m²

Hinterland Information

Containers and bulk cargo are being transported outbound mainly by Road (Inland transportation) to other ports or to final consignee, however part of the cargo is being moved by railway to Damietta and Port Said.

Port Security

Security
ISPS Compliant	Yes
Current ISPS Level *(Level 1 = Normal, Level 2 = Heightened, Level 3 = Exceptional)*	1
Police Boats	N/A
Fire Engines	N/A

2.1.2 Egypt Port of Port Said

Port Overview
Port Picture
Description and Contacts of Key Companies
Port Performance
Discharge Rates and Terminal Handling Charges
Berthing Specifications
General Cargo Handling Berths
Port Handling Equipment
Container Facilities
Customs Guidance
Terminal Information
Hinterland Information
Port Security

Port Overview

Port Said port is considered one of the most important Egyptian ports on the Mediterranean sea due to its geographical site where it is located on the eastern entrance of the Suez canal, and also on the entrance of the biggest global navigational channel (the Suez Canal) and at the mid of the biggest commercial navigational channel linking Europe with the East and it is also considered biggest crossing traffic port in the world. It is an artificial harbour, well sheltered by breakwaters.

Information on Anchorage, Pilotage, Radio frequencies of the port management and weather conditions of the Port can be found in the following document: Egypt Port Said Additional Information.docx

Suez Tunnel Project:

Project of constructing a tunnel under Port Said Suez Canal, consists of 3 tunnels for cars and trains, to achieve a direct link between the east and west of canal and supports the development strategy in Sinai. The project preliminary designs take into account the development, transport and logistics needs of the region for a period of at least twenty years, including the linkage with international roads and the integrated development scheme for axis Suez Canal.

The Suez Canal Authority announced that seven new tunnels will be dug to connect the Sinai Peninsula to the Egyptian homeland. Three tunnels will be dug in Port Said (two for cars and one for railways) and four will be dug in Ismailia (two for cars, one for railways, and one for other special uses). The tunnels will cost 4.2 billion dollars (approximately about 30 billion Egyptian pounds). The first three tunnels will cost 18 billion Egyptian pounds, Arab Contractors Company, Orascom and the armed forced are the main key players in the implementation.

Floating bridge

The Al-Nasr floating bridge to enable people to easily travel back and forth between Port Said and Port Fouad was built successfully and inaugurated in late 2016. The bridge extends from opposite banks, with the help of tugboats that push both parts until they connect to form a bridge that can be traversed by cars. It is 420 meters long. This was an important step towards the efficient movement of equipment and manpower.

Key port information can also be found at: Website of the Maritime Database on the Port Said

Port website: Port Said sea port webpage

Port Location and Contacts
Country	Egypt
Province or District	n/a
Town or City (Closest location) with Distance (km)	Name: Port Said Distance: 8km
Port's Complete Name	Port Said Port
Latitude	31° 15' N
Longitude	32° 18' E
Managing Company or Port Authority (If more than one operator, break down by area of operation)	Port Said Port Authority
Management Contact Person	n/a
Closest Airport and Frequent Airlines to / from International Destinations	Airport Name: El Arish International Airport (92.7 miles / 149.2 km) Cairo International Airport (94.3 miles / 151.7 km) El Nouzha Airport (138.2 miles / 222.5 km) Borg El Arab Airport (155.1 miles / 249.6 km)

Port Picture

Description and Contacts of Key Companies

For more information on Contacts and key companies click here for the website of the Egypt Maritime Transport Sector (MTS).

For more information on port contacts, please see the following link: 4.4 Egypt Port and Waterways Companies Contact List

Port Performance

Weather	Mild
Water Density	1.025 g/cm³
Raining Season	winter
Tidal range and flow	0.3 m

Total Area	72.10 km² (72.100.000 m²)
Water Area	1.5 km²(1.500.000 m²)
Land Area	70.6 km² (70.600.000 m²)
Total Customs Zone	33.5 km² (33.500.000 m²)
Total Yards Area	0.6 km² (600.000 m²)
Maximum Port Length	10 km (western port boundary)
Maximum Port Width	8 km (southern boundary)

Seasonal Constraints
	Occurs	Time Frame
Rainy Season	No
Major Import Campaigns	No
Other Comments

Handling Figures for 2017
Vessel Calls	1233
Container Traffic *(TEUs)*	800,000

Discharge Rates and Terminal Handling Charges

For information on port rates and charges, please see the following link at the MTS website: http://www.mts.gov.eg/ar/agencies/default/index/1-22-Tariff-Services-Agency

Berthing Specifications

Berth Type	Number Berths	Auxiliary Berths	Length (m)	Depth (m)
Berth Type	Number Berths	Auxiliary Berths	Length (m)	From	To
Tourist	3	1,2,3	400	9.6	11.3
General Cargo	7	13,14,16,15,19,20,21	910	5	8.2
Container	3	23,24,25	341	13.2	13.2
Grain	2	17,18	508	12.7	12.7
Multi-Purpose	5	26,27,28, 29,30	606	13.2	13.2
Petroleum services	3	31,32,33	575	3.6	3.6
buying (services)	2	11,12	245	3.6	3.6
Barge and Tug	4	7,8,9,10	415	3.6	3.6
RORO	1	22	40	8.2	8.2
Salt Shipping and services	1	34	260	8.2	8.2
services	1	6	100	3.6	3.6
Total	32		4400

Click here for further narrative about berths available, from the Maritime Transport Sector website.

General Cargo Handling Berths

Maximum Capacity: 6 million ton/year as follows:

Berth length: 2.4 km - first phase: 1200m + second phase 1200m
Containerised cargo: 6 million tons
Containers: 2.2 million TEUs, the volume of containers handled after the completion of the second phase reached 5.1 million TEU
Ship of depth up to 14.5m is the maximum ship size that can be accommodated.
Working Hours: throughout 24 Hours.

Port Handling Equipment

The port equipment is managed by the government.

Equipment	Available	Total Quantity and Capacity Available	Comments on Current Condition and Actual Usage
Dockside Crane	Yes	2 - 1 x 5 t x 6 t x 10 t 1 x 7.5 m 1 x 12 t	n/a
Container Gantries	n/a	n/a	n/a
Mobile Cranes	Yes	8 - 2 x 20 t 2 x 12.5 t 2 x 12 t 1 x 24 t 1 x 21 t	max. reach of 20 m
Reachstacker	n/a	n/a	n/a
RoRo Tugmaster (w/ Trailer)	n/a	n/a	n/a
Grain Elevator w/ Bagging Machines	n/a	n/a	n/a
Transtainer	n/a	n/a	n/a
Forklifts	n/a	n/a	n/a

Floating cranes with 500 tons lifting capacity on the main hook.

MAIN SPECIFICATIONS	KHALIFA	BAHGAT/BADAWI	EMLAK	ENRAZ
Max. lifting capacity	40 t	100 t	200 t	500 t
Max. lifting height	38 m	40 m	35 m	60 m
Outreach:	15,5 m	10 m	8.8 m	15 m
Main hook	30 m	30 m	28.8 m	40 m
Aux. Hook

Container Facilities

Customs Guidance

The Customs Department is one of the interests of the Ministry of Finance, and extends its role from the collection of fees and taxes to control the movement of goods imported to the country and goods imported from the country.

The core functions of the Customs can be determined as follows:

The collection of fees and taxes and other receipts paid by importers and exporters according to the Customs Tariff Act and other relevant laws.
Protect state revenues, and that by preventing the evasion of duties and ensure payment of fees and taxes due
Control of warehouses in ports and marine air, and follow-up of raw materials exempted from customs duties
Supervision on the movement of the stock of goods in the stores of public and private warehouses authorised to store imported goods
Commitment to implement the decisions and rules and standards issued by the ministries and government departments other in the country such as the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Commerce and the Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of the Interior, and also the interest of the veterinary quarantine and quarantine, and the Drug Enforcement Administration and management of the inspection of weapons and explosive materials, Ministry of management and internal control over artistic works and publications.
Of functions that are specific to the Customs Department is to combat smuggling, either to the inside or outside the country through customs, either sea or air, or land. Customs and focus its efforts in following up on all the ports that are expected to occur through smuggling activities taking place in order to avoid paying duties and taxes or to enter drug and prohibited materials into the country, or breach of customs legislation.
And the customs with the help of other regulatory bodies to tighten control over the incoming or outgoing goods, or prohibited. Examples of such Bodies:
1. Ministry of Communications and Information
2. Department of Health
3. Ministry of the Interior
4. Department of State
5. Department of Defense
6. Drug Enforcement Administration
7. Industrial Control Authority
8. interest quarantine
9. Department of censorship and Publications
10. Environmental Protection Agency
And Customs is working to enhance the performance of customs tariff in various sectors, and through the introduction of new techniques such as pre-release and also the application of risk management techniques widely in various areas of customs.

For more information on customs in Egypt, please see the following link: 1.3 Egypt Customs Information