Lebanon - 3 Logistics Services

Lebanon - 3 Logistics Services

Services and Supply

In Lebanon, the quality and availability of services and supplies can vary across sectors, and both the government and private companies play roles in supporting specific sectors.

Government and Private Sector Support: The government and private companies both contribute to supporting various sectors in Lebanon. The government plays a crucial role in sectors such as healthcare, education, infrastructure, and utilities. It provides public services and infrastructure development, although the quality and availability of these services can be affected by economic challenges and political instability. The private sector, on the other hand, drives growth in industries such as finance, tourism, telecommunications, and retail, offering a wide range of services and supplies to the public.

Geographic Development in the Service Sector: The service sector in Lebanon is not limited to a specific geographic area but is relatively concentrated in urban centers, particularly Beirut. Beirut serves as the primary hub for various service industries, including finance, hospitality, and professional services. However, other regions of Lebanon also offer local services and support their respective communities based on local needs and resources.

Supply Issues: Lebanon has experienced supply issues throughout its history, and there have been instances of shortages and disruptions in essential supplies, particularly during periods of political unrest or economic crises. Factors such as political instability, economic challenges, and external shocks have at times affected the availability and affordability of goods and services. In recent years, Lebanon has faced significant economic difficulties, including currency devaluation, inflation, and shortages of vital commodities, which have impacted the overall supply chain and access to necessities such as food, medicines, and fuel.

For nearly three years, Lebanon has been assailed by the most devastating, multi-pronged crisis in its modern history. The unfolding economic and financial crisis that started in October 2019 has been further exacerbated by the dual economic impact of the COVID-19 outbreak and the massive Port of Beirut explosion in August 2020.

Of the three crises, the economic crisis has had by far the largest (and most persistent) negative impact. The Spring 2021 Lebanon Economic Monitor found that Lebanon’s economic and financial crisis ranks among the worst economic crises globally since the mid-nineteenth century. GDP per capita dropped by 36.5% between 2019 and 2021, and Lebanon was reclassified by the World Bank as a lower-middle-income country, down from upper-middle-income status in July 2022. Lebanon has witnessed a dramatic collapse in basic services, driven by depleting foreign exchange (FX) reserves since the onset of the compounded crisis. Severe shortages of fuel items resulted in the national electric grid experiencing more than eight rolling blackouts as public electricity supply averages one to two hours per day. Fuel shortages have also hindered access to healthcare and clean water, while food supply shops, transport service providers, and telecom network operators face severe disruptions to their supply chains. Lebanon has also had to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic through intermittent lockdowns and other measures to mitigate the impact of the virus both on people and on the already weak health system. Vaccination, launched in February 2021 with initial financing from the World Bank, progressed according to the National COVID-19 Deployment and Vaccination Plan, with the aim to vaccinate 70% of the total population, citizens, and non-citizens, in a multi-phase rollout by the end of 2022.

 

Lebanon - 3.1 Lebanon Fuel

Fuel Overview

In Lebanon, fuel is provided by private companies. Currently, there are no supply constraints. Fuel is primarily imported into Lebanon from neighbouring Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, Turkey, and others. 

For more information on government and fuel provider contact details, please see the following links: 4.1 Government Contact List and 4.7 Fuel Providers Contact List.

Information may also be found at: http://www.mytravelcost.com/petrol-prices/ which is updated monthly. 

Fuel Pricing

The Lebanese governments directly controls fuel prices through the Ministry of Energy and regulatory bodies, and it issue weekly updated prices for all fuel products. In 2021, the Central Bank of Lebanon lifted all subsidies on fuel products.

 

Fuel Prices per Litre as of: 14 Jul 2023

(Local currency and USD - $)

Petrol

98 Octane: 81,250 LBP / 0.89 USD
95 Octane: 83,300 LBP / 0.92 USD

Diesel

70,950 LBP / 0.78 USD

Paraffin

N/A

Jet A-1

N/A

Seasonal Variations 

Seasonal Variations

Are there national priorities in the availability of fuel? (i.e. are there restrictions or priorities for the provision of fuel such as to the military?)

Yes

Is there a rationing system?

No

Is fuel to lower income / vulnerable groups subsidized?

No

Can the local industry expand fuel supply to meet humanitarian needs?

Yes

Is it possible for a humanitarian organization to directly contract a reputable supplier / distributor to provide its fuel needs?

Yes

Fuel Transportation

Fuel transport is carried out via fuel tankers owned by private companies. Current capacity is sufficient for local needs, as well as potential increases in demand from the humanitarian community. In case of an emergency/conflict the main challenge would be to maintain a supply route via air/sea as the country is a net fuel importer.

Standards, Quality and Testing

The Industrial Research Institute (IRI) situated in Baabda, was established in 1953 and is an internationally accredited Lebanese institution for studies, industrial research, and scientific testing and analysis.

The Institute operates laboratories and scientific equipment in fields including Petroleum and Derivatives, Physical Chemistry, Water, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Metrology and Calibration, and others

 

Industry Control Measures

Do tanks have adequate protection against water mixing with the fuel?

Yes

Are there filters in the system which monitor where fuel is loaded into aircraft?

Yes

Is there adequate epoxy coating of tanks on trucks?

Yes

Is there a presence of suitable firefighting equipment?

Yes

 

Standards Authority

Is there a national or regional standards authority?

Yes

If yes, please identify the appropriate national and/or regional authority.

National: Fuel Quality Testing Laboratory – Industrial Research Institute (IRI)

 

If yes, are the standards adequate/properly enforced?

Yes

 

Testing Laboratories

Are there national testing laboratories?

Yes

 

 

Fuel Quality Testing Laboratory

Company

Fuel Quality Testing Laboratory – Industrial Research Institute (IRI)

Name 

IRI Building

Address

Lebanese University Campus 
Hadath (Baabda), Lebanon

Telephone and Fax

PABX / Fax: +961 (5) 467831

Contact

pr@iri.org.lb
The Industrial Research Institute http://www.iri.org.lb/about-us.html

 

Disclaimer: Inclusion of company information in the LCA does not imply any business relationship between the supplier and WFP / Logistics Cluster, and is used solely as a determinant of services, and capacities.

Please note: WFP / Logistics Cluster maintain complete impartiality and are not in a position to endorse, comment on any company's suitability as a reputable service provider.

 

Lebanon - 3.2 Transporters

 Transporters

The road transport market in Lebanon plays a crucial role in the country's economy and daily life, connecting cities, towns, and rural areas. However, it faces a range of challenges that impact its efficiency and development. This brief provides an overview of the operators' scale and the current state of the road transport market in Lebanon, highlighting both the challenges and opportunities it presents. The total number of operators in Lebanon is 11,466 ranging between registered trucks for local transportation and for export purposes.

 

Challenges Faced within this sector include the following:

  1. Inadequate Maintenance: The lack of consistent maintenance and repair has led to the deterioration of road infrastructure. Potholes, crumbling bridges, and inadequate road signage pose safety risks to drivers and pedestrians.

 

  1. Economic Factors: The country's economic challenges, including inflation and currency devaluation, impact vehicle prices and especially fuel costs.

 

  1. Absence of Public Transportation: The absence of an efficient and comprehensive public transportation system in Lebanon is a significant challenge and it has contributed to the current congestion, pollution, and inefficiencies in road transport.

 

It is important to highlight that until now, the current capacity meets domestic needs and the market's capacity to accommodate an arrival in demand from the humanitarian community especially since foreign operators (non-Lebanese) are not allowed to operate domestically in Lebanon however, they are allowed to deliver the imported goods at the agreed destination but to ensure to return empty. 

 

Transport Capacity Summary

Regions Covered

All Routes in Lebanon

 

Number of

Vehicles

Capacity per

Vehicle (MT)

Comments / Condition of Vehicles

Vehicle Type

Small Tanker

=< 3.5 MT

11

Tanker

>3.5 MT

1470

Bus

 

2001

Taxi

 

32825

Small Truck

=< 3.5 MT

489

Truck

>3.5 MT

7678

Small Fridge

<=3.5MT

18

Fridge

>3.5

30

Minibus

 

4078

Total Capacity

 

 

 

Source: http://www.transportation.gov.lb/ar/home

 

Lebanon - 3.3 Manual Labour

Manual Labour

It can be hard these days to keep up with everything that’s happening in Lebanon: the staggering inflation rates, the wheat and fuel shortages, the increasing poverty levels, and the stalling Beirut Port blast investigation...

Manual labour is utilized across multiple sectors in Lebanon, including construction, agriculture, manufacturing, services, and domestic work. It involves physical tasks that require human effort and skill, such as construction work, farming, carpentry, plumbing, cleaning, and other manual tasks.

National Legislation: Lebanon has various labour laws and regulations in place to protect workers' rights, including those engaged in manual labour. The Labour Law governs employment relationships, working conditions, wages, working hours, and other labour-related matters. The law sets standards for employment contracts, overtime, leave entitlements, and occupational health and safety. It aims to ensure fair treatment, safety, and decent working conditions for all workers, including manual labourers.

Role of Unions: Labour unions in Lebanon play a significant role in representing workers' rights, including manual labourers. Unions advocate for improved working conditions, fair wages, and social benefits. They negotiate with employers on behalf of their members, provide support, and participate in collective bargaining processes to secure better working conditions and benefits.

Cost Incentives: The cost of manual labour in Lebanon is influenced by various factors, including minimum wage laws, collective bargaining agreements, and market demand. Organizations may consider employing manual labour for certain tasks due to the availability of skilled or semi-skilled workers, cost considerations, or specific requirements of the job.

Common Areas of Work: Manual labour is commonly found in construction and infrastructure projects, agriculture and farming, manufacturing and industrial processes, hospitality and tourism sectors, domestic services, and small-scale enterprises. These areas of work often require physical labour and hands-on skills.

Availability of Manual Labour: Lebanon has a relatively abundant supply of manual labour due to its demographic structure and the presence of migrant workers from various countries. Many individuals, both Lebanese citizens and foreign workers, engage in manual labour as a means of employment.

Common Issues: Organizations in Lebanon may face challenges related to manual labour, including compliance with labour regulations, ensuring fair working conditions, providing appropriate training and safety measures, and addressing issues related to migrant workers' rights. Additionally, fluctuating economic conditions, political instability, and changes in labour market dynamics can impact the availability and stability of manual labour.

In May 2023, the public sector monthly minimum wage has been increased fourfold to reach 9 million Lebanese pounds (around $92 at the black-market rate), from 2.6 million Lebanese pounds (about $27).

 

Labour Rate(s) Overview

 

Cost
(Local Currency & USD - $)

Rate as of MMM YY

Daily General Worker (Unskilled casual labour)

 

10 USD

 

January 2023

Daily General Worker (Semi-skilled labour)

20 USD

 

January 2023

Skilled Worker

50 USD

January 2023

 

Lebanon - 3.4 Telecommunications

Telecommunications

Lebanon has two mobile operators which are government controlled under a monopolistic arrangement. The government pays a management fee to Alfa and MTC Touch who operate the mobile networks on behalf of the government. Fixed line telephony services are owned and operated by the government-owned operator, Ogero. The conflict in Syria and deterioration in Lebanon’s security have put on hold many of the government’s deregulation plans.

The internet backbone network in Lebanon is owned and operated by the government-owned operator, Ogero. A significant number of ISPs operate in the country and offer internet access via ADSL, fibre, WiMAX, WI-FI and other technologies. The government’s monopoly over the internet backbone in the country allows it to tightly control the activity of ISPs.

Mobile broadband remains the most popular internet access method and both mobile operators now offer 4G services, Alfa and Touch have commercial 3.9G & 4G LTE data services in many regions in Lebanon (mostly dense urban regions) starting May 2013.

As part of Lebanon Broadband 2020 plan, Full LTE 4G Coverage is expected in 2 Years. The large volume of mobile internet users places significant pressure on telecommunications infrastructure often resulting in slow speeds and poor performance of the network. The Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA) regulates the country's telecommunication sector.

 

Telephone Services

Is there an existing landline telephone network?

Yes

(For new buildings, landlines must be requested – Approximate waiting time for installation: Two weeks)

Does it allow international calls?

Yes

Number and Length of Downtime Periods (on average)

 NA

Mobile Phone Providers

1) MTC Touch
2) Alfa

Approximate Percentage of National Coverage

 98.1 %

Telecommunications Regulations

The Lebanese telecommunications market is highly regulated. The country’s two mobile networks are government controlled under a monopolistic arrangement. The conflict in Syria and deterioration in Lebanon’s security have put on hold many of the government’s deregulation plans. In addition, the government’s monopoly over the internet backbone in the country allows it to tightly control the activity of ISPs. The Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA) regulates the country's telecommunication sector.

Regulations on Usage and Import
 

Regulations in Place?

Regulating Authority

Satellite

Yes

TRA

HF Radio

Yes

TRA

UHF/VHF/HF Radio: Handheld, Base and Mobile

Yes

TRA

UHF/VHF Repeaters

Yes

TRA

GPS

Yes

TRA

VSAT

Yes

TRA

Individual Network Operator Licenses Required

Yes. To use radio, VSAT and satellite phones in country censing/government permission is required.

Frequency Licenses Required

 Yes. requests to TRA for frequency licenses are required for VSAT and radio.

Existing Humanitarian Telecoms Systems

From the perspective of radio network coverage, Lebanon is split into two regions 1) North of Litany River (NLR) and 2) South Litany River (SLR).

UNDSS manages the network in the NLR region of Lebanon. The UNDSS radio network in NLR is an analogue VHF network which is made up of 8 repeaters covering a broad area. UNDSS provides radio programming services to other UN agencies. The radio network is only available to UN agencies, not NGOs. In 2013, ETC worked closely with UNDSS on a major upgrade to the VHF radio network in NLR to support the humanitarian community working for the Syrian operation.

UNIFIL manages the network in the SLR region of the country. In mid-2014 UNIFIL migrated from analogue to a fully digital VHF radio network. At the request of UN agencies who were using UNIFIL’s analogue network, UNIFIL reactivated some analogue repeaters in SLR to reinstate analogue radio coverage to non-UNIFIL agencies working in SLR. In parallel, UNIFIL are preparing a digital programming file (code plug) to allow non-UNIFIL agencies to access UNIFIL’s digital network (provided they have the correct digital radio devices).

 

 

Lebanon - 3.5 Food and Additional Suppliers

Food and Additional Suppliers

Lebanon's ability to procure and rely on local produce has been influenced by a combination of factors including its geography, climate, agricultural practices, economic conditions, and historical development. Historically, Lebanon has had a strong agricultural sector, but in recent years, there have been challenges that have impacted its ability to fully rely on local produce. Here's an overview:

Challenges:

  1. Imports and Market Access: In recent years, Lebanon has become increasingly reliant on imported goods, including food products. Imported goods can sometimes be cheaper due to economies of scale, impacting the competitiveness of local produce.
  2. Agricultural Modernization: Traditional agricultural practices, while valuable, might not always align with modern efficiency and productivity standards. Lack of access to modern technologies and farming methods can limit the sector's growth.
  3. Political and Economic Instability: Periods of political instability, conflict, and economic challenges have affected investment in the agricultural sector and the overall ability to produce and distribute local goods.
  4. Water Scarcity: Despite its relatively diverse climate, Lebanon faces water scarcity issues, which can impact agricultural production. Mismanagement of water resources can further exacerbate this challenge.

The food supply market in Lebanon has historically been competitive due to the country's diverse cuisine, the importance of food in its culture, and the presence of various local and international food suppliers. The market encompasses a wide range of products, from fresh produce to packaged goods, and includes both local and imported options. Supermarkets, grocery stores, food distributors, wholesalers, and even small traditional markets contribute to the competitive landscape.

 

Lebanon's ability to meet food demand has faced challenges due to several factors:

  1. Import Dependency: Lebanon heavily relies on food imports to meet its domestic demand. This dependency makes the country vulnerable to disruptions in global supply chains, currency fluctuations, and international trade dynamics.
  2. Economic Challenges: Economic difficulties, including currency devaluation and inflation, can impact the affordability of imported goods, affecting the accessibility of certain food products for the population.
  3. Infrastructure and Distribution: Issues related to infrastructure, storage facilities, and transportation can hinder the efficient distribution of food products across the country.
  4. Agricultural Constraints: Despite its agricultural potential, Lebanon's agricultural sector faces challenges such as limited arable land, water scarcity, and outdated farming practices, which can affect domestic production levels.

Lebanon is heavily reliant on imports to meet its domestic needs, partly due to the country's limited natural resources and industrial capacities. Key imported goods include:

  1. Food Products: Grains, meat, dairy products, and processed foods.

Lebanon's export sector is relatively small compared to its imports, and its exports in Food Industry include:

  1. Agricultural Products: fruits, vegetables, nuts, and wine, benefiting from its Mediterranean climate and fertile land.
  2. Food Processing: Olive oil, processed foods, and dairy products are being produced for both domestic consumption and export.

It's important to note that Lebanon's manufacturing and production capacities have been affected by economic challenges, political instability, and regional conflicts. The country's ability to fully leverage these capacities is contingent on addressing these challenges and creating a conducive environment for economic growth and stability.

 

Lebanon - 3.5.1 Food Suppliers

Overview

In Lebanon, where food should be available, there are obstacles for food manufacturers and retailers. The economy isn't steady because of economic and financial problems and political issues, which makes it tough for food producers to keep their prices reasonable. They also have trouble getting all the things they need to make food because the situation makes it hard to find ingredients. This makes it tricky for the people who sell food in large amounts (wholesalers) because they can't always get what they want. Even moving the food around using trucks and roads isn't working well anymore because things aren't being maintained properly. It's difficult, but even with all these problems, the people in the food industry are doing their best to keep Lebanon's food going despite the challenges this sector is facing,

At a wider level, the availability of various food commodities in Lebanon is influenced by both domestic production and international trade partnerships. In terms of ready-to-eat foods, these include a range of packaged and processed foods that cater to convenience. Importation of such products is substantial, with a mix of international sources being key trading partners.

Cereals, pulses, oil, and sugar form the core of dietary staples. Cereals like wheat and rice, along with pulses such as lentils and chickpeas, constitute significant dietary components. Oil, often derived from sources like olives and vegetables, is a crucial ingredient in Lebanese cuisine. The availability of these commodities is affected by domestic production capacities, which can be influenced by factors like weather and agriculture policies. Additionally, Lebanon may engage in international trade for these commodities to fulfil demand and manage supply shortages.

Live animals, meat, and dairy products play a central role in Lebanese cuisine. The local production of livestock, including poultry, sheep, and cattle, contributes to the availability of meat and dairy. However, fluctuations in these sectors are also subject to factors like disease outbreaks and environmental conditions. Imports might supplement domestic supply, especially for specific cuts and varieties not produced locally. Main trading partners for such imports could include neighbouring countries and larger international markets.

In the context of Lebanon's intricate food system, the availability of these commodities is intertwined with both domestic production capabilities and international trade dynamics. Challenges ranging from economic instability to supply chain disruptions can impact this delicate balance, ultimately affecting the accessibility of essential food items across national and district levels.

Retail Sector

The retail sector in Lebanon showcases a blend of both established local players and international retailers. While local retailers hold a significant presence, major regional and global retail chains have also entered the market, offering a diverse range of products to consumers. These retailers often have well-established relationships with national and regional wholesalers, facilitating the distribution of goods to their stores. Despite the challenges faced by Lebanon's economy, the retail sector has exhibited resilience, with established retailers demonstrating stability and continuing operations. While the country's economic environment may present hurdles, the retail sector does make use of credit systems to some extent, aiming to provide consumers with purchasing flexibility and support in the face of economic fluctuations. The coexistence of local and international retailers, coupled with stable retail operations and credit mechanisms, paints a complex picture of the retail landscape within the nation.

 

Types of Retailers Available

Type of Retailer

Rank

(1-5)

Supermarket – concentrates mainly in supplying a range of food, beverage, cleaning and sanitation products; have significant purchasing power; are often part of national/regional/global chains.

1

Convenience Store/Mini Market – medium sized shop; offers a more limited range of products than supermarkets; usually has good/stable purchasing power; may be part of chain or cooperative.

2

Permanent shop with strong supply capacity – individually/family owned store; usually offers fewer commodities and a limited selection of brands; good storage and reliable supply options.

3

Permanent shop with limited supply capacity – individually/family owned store; offers fewer commodities and a limited selection of brands; limited storage and unstable supply options.

4

Mobile Shop/Market Stand – individually/family owned store; usually offers fewer commodities and a limited selection of brands; may be found at outdoor markets, camps or unstable environments.

5

 

Wholesale – Zein J. Harb S.A.L

 

Zein J.Harb was established in April 1999, they are a food supplier they are considered a retailer since they procure their goods from local and international markets, some of the products is ready to be distributed in the market such as canned food, and the other part is usually re-bagged in their premises. They have a local affiliation with a sister company called Alfa Interfood SAL, both are under the umbrella of Harb Holding International Company SAL.

 

Supplier Overview

Company Name

Zein J. Harb & Partners S.A.L

Address

Haret Hreik, Mouawad District, Nahle Bldg, Beirut Lebanon

Does the supplier have its own production/manufacturing capacity?

 

No, the supplier is only a wholesale retailer

Does the supplier have its own retail capacity?

 

No, the supplier is only a wholesaler, they only distribute to markets

Does the supplier have its own transport capacity?

Yes

Does the supplier have its own storage facilities?

Yes

Approximate Turnover in MT

 

90 MT Per Day

Payment Methods Accepted

Cash, Bank transfers.

Other Comments or Key Information

NA

 

Other Locations

Region(s)

Service Location(s)

Bekaa

Masnaa

 

 

Primary Goods / Commodities Available

Commodities by Type**

(SITC Rev 4 Division Code - Title)

Comments

00 - Live animals (other than fish, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.)

No

Indicate in this column if goods are imported or produced/manufactured locally; any seasonal variations in stocks, or other limitations on availability.

01 - Meat and meat preparations

No

 

02 - Dairy products and birds’ eggs

No

 

03 - Fish (not marine mammals), crustaceans, molluscs…

No

 

04 - Cereals and cereal preparations

rice, flour, pasta.

imported

05 - Vegetables and fruit

No

 

06 - Sugars, sugar preparations and honey

sugars

Imported

07 - Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices and manufactures thereof

TEA

Imported

09 - Miscellaneous edible products and preparations

No

 

41 - Animal oils and fats

No

 

42/43 - Fixed vegetable fats and oils, crude, refined or fractionated

vegetable oil

Imported

 

 

Lebanon - 3.5.2 Additional Suppliers

Overview

In general, operational support equipment is in good supply in local markets. Construction equipment (water pipes, pumps etc) is available (mostly imported). Plastic water tanks are locally produced.

Potable water is generally available via the public water network, however Beirut city often faces water shortages during the summer season (July to October) due to lower rainfall. Private water tankers fill the gap during this time, at roughly 15-20 USD (22,500 to 30,000 Lebanese Pounds) per 1,000 litres of water.

Tents are produced locally and also imported. In most cases, tent tarpaulins are imported, while the other parts (structure, frame etc) are produced locally.

ICT equipment including laptops, scanners, printers, etc. are widely available in the local market. However, in some cases, specific equipment which is not common in Lebanon, will require importation (e.g., Specific server equipment, large-scale map plotters etc.).

 

 
 

Lebanon - 3.6 Additional Services

4.11 Lebanon Additional Service Provision Contact List

Vehicle Rental

There are plenty of reliable vehicle rental companies in the country.  The most known ones can be found in the contact list given above.

Taxi Companies

There are plenty of reliable taxi companies in the country. Contact details of a couple of them can be found in the contact list given above.

Freight Forwarding Agents

There are hundreds of freight forwarding agents in Lebanon. Contact details of various ones can be found in the contact list given above.

Handling Equipment 

For a list of handling equipment providers, please select the contact list given above.

Electricity and Power 

Lebanon is a net energy importer (about 87% of power is imported), with little hydrocarbon base to speak of, although it hopes that planned exploration efforts in the Mediterranean offshore area will prove successful.

For further contact information on the Electricity Authority of Lebanon, Electricity Generation, Supply Electricity and Power Stability, please select the following document:

Lebanon Additional Service Providers Additional Information

For a list of private producers of electricity, please select the following document:

Private Producers of Electricity

Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

As of 2009, Lebanon has 950000 internet users or 24% of the population

Internet Service Providers

Are there ISPs available?

(Yes / No)

 Yes

Private or Government

 n/a

Dial-up only (Yes / No)

 n/a

Approximate Rates

Dial-up:

 Dialup services cost around USD7 a month but users have to pay for the cost of phone communication.

Broadband:

The prices for ADSL varies depending on the DSP but typically cost from USD19/month (128 kpbs) to 70USD/month (1 Mbit/s). Ogero also gives HDSL: a 2.3 Mbit/s account for the download and upload traffic with an 8 GB/month limitation for 200USD/month. 

Max leasable ‘dedicated’ bandwidth

 see above

Further information on ISP Names and Approximate Rates for Broadband can be found in the following document:

Lebanon Additional Service Providers Additional Information

 

Lebanon - 3.7 Waste Management Infrastructure Assessment

Overview

In Lebanon, handling and managing waste has long been a problem. The nation has suffered from a weak waste management system, which has resulted in several environmental and health problems. The historic garbage crisis of 2015 revealed the severity of the issue in and around the capital city of Beirut, where the situation was extremely bad. Landfills were overflowing, and a thorough recycling system was lacking.

The improvement of Lebanon's waste management procedures has received some assistance from international organizations and funders, but it has been difficult to make consistent progress. A multifaceted strategy comprising government commitment, community involvement, infrastructure investment, and public awareness campaigns is needed to resolve the trash challenge.

  1. Waste collected as below:

Municipal Collection: Waste collection in urban areas was the responsibility of the municipalities. They frequently entered into agreements with private businesses to offer collection services. This required setting up trash cans in different communities so that locals could dispose of their trash. The trash from these containers would then be collected by collection trucks from private businesses or by municipal staff along predetermined routes.

Skip System: The "skip system" was widely employed, in which big containers called "skips" or "dumpsters" were positioned in strategic spots around neighborhoods. These containers would receive household garbage from the locals. The skips would then be regularly emptied by collection trucks.

  1. What are the country's regulations about waste management and recycling (Provide legislation details and/or website/contact information for government bodies regulating waste management in the country)?  Provide details of the government bodies responsible for waste management, regardless of the status.

 

Here is a quick summary:

1. Solid Waste Management Law 444/2002 The legal foundation for Lebanon's solid waste management is laid out in this statute. It includes a variety of topics, such as municipal obligations, trash transportation and collection, and the construction of facilities for the treatment and disposal of waste.

2. Environmental Protection Law 8/1998: This law establishes the framework for environmental protection in Lebanon. It covers a wide range of environmental issues, such as pollution control and waste management.

3. Ministry of Environment (MoE): The major government agency in charge of environmental matters in Lebanon is the Ministry of Environment. They keep an eye on rules and laws governing trash management and advocate environmentally friendly disposal methods. (https://www.moe.gov.lb/)

4. National Council for Scientific Research (CNRS): The CNRS is involved in research and the formulation of regulations pertaining to recycling and garbage management. To address environmental challenges, they work with numerous parties.

5. The Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR) is involved in building Lebanon's infrastructure, including facilities for disposing of waste. They assist in planning and carrying out waste management programs.

 

Despite not being a member of the government, Lebanon's Union of Municipalities has been actively engaged in waste management initiatives, notably at the local level. They seek to assist local governments in enhancing trash disposal and collection procedures.

https://www.moe.gov.lb/getattachment/cca17155-ac13-4cf3-83c1-6c5baee40df4/Policy-Summary-for-Jan-2018.aspx

https://www.moe.gov.lb/getattachment/e88fe34b-e8bb-409b-8b83-cf973c8ac1b7/Policy-Summary-Presentation-2018.aspx

  1. Who provides the services (government or private companies)?

Private companies like Ramco,Lavajet, City blue,ect..

  1. Status of the landfills in the country? How many are there? Who manages them?

Number of Landfills: Lebanon has several landfills dispersed over its various areas. Although several of them were running above their intended capacity, these landfills were used to dispose of municipal solid garbage.

Lebanon contains 735 random land dumps in rural areas and 7 in major cities, six of which pose a threat to human health in Lebanon.

Management: Depending on the municipality and the region, these landfills were managed differently. While some landfills were run by private companies, others were directly overseen by local authorities. Due to the absence of a coordinated waste management system, environmental rules and garbage disposal procedures varied amongst landfills.

  1. For Private Recycling Projects: Several private businesses and groups participated in recycling projects. These projects frequently concentrated on gathering recyclable materials from homes and businesses, such as paper, plastic, and glass. Some of these businesses established recycling pickup or collection services in collaboration with local governments.

Hazardous Waste Disposal

It was extremely difficult to properly dispose of hazardous trash in Lebanon, including e-waste, medical waste, appliances, and other potentially toxic products. There were issues with the environment and public health since the nation lacked a thorough and well-regulated system for managing these forms of trash. Chemicals, e-waste, and other hazardous trash frequently end up being improperly disposed of, adding to pollution and posing possible health risks.

 

Despite its harmful components, e-waste, which includes electronic garbage like phones and computers, was frequently disposed of in conventional waste streams. Healthcare personnel and the general public may have been exposed to infectious materials due to improper segregation, collection, transportation, and treatment of medical waste created by healthcare facilities. Refrigerants and other dangerous elements found in appliances represent a risk if they are not properly disposed of since their release into the environment could affect air quality and contribute to global warming.

 

Non-Hazardous Waste Disposal

Due to Lebanon's decentralized waste management system, it was difficult to dispose of non-hazardous waste, such as typical household garbage from camps or complexes. While waste collection in different regions was handled by municipalities and private businesses, the range of reliable and effective waste disposal techniques varied greatly. Waste bins or skips were frequently utilized in metropolitan areas for collection, and municipal or private collection trucks would periodically empty these bins. Due to inadequate infrastructure, waste may, nevertheless, be burned, buried, or dumped in some locations.

 

The methods and techniques for managing black and grey water (from toilets, sinks, and showers) when it comes to wastewater disposal also vary by region. Sewage systems were set up in more developed urban areas to handle wastewater, and treatment plants processed sewage before releasing it into the environment. However, in some rural or unofficial communities, adequate wastewater treatment may be restricted or non-existent, resulting in water source contamination and potential health problems. The need for improved infrastructure and environmental safeguards was highlighted by the absence of an extensive wastewater management system in some areas.

 

 

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