1 Comoros Country Profile
Comoros Country Profile
Generic Information
Comoros, officially the Union of the Comoros, is an island country in the Indian Ocean located at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel, off the eastern coast of Africa, between north-eastern Mozambique, the French region of Mayotte and north-western Madagascar. Other countries close to the Comoros are Tanzania in the north-west and Seychelles in the northeast. The capital and largest city is Moroni on Grande Comore. The Union of Comoros has three official languages: Comorian, French and Arabic. The religion of the majority of the population is Sunni Islam.
With 1,660 km2, Comoros is the fourth smallest country in Africa. The population is estimated at 850,000 (Grande Comore 590’000, Anjouan 185,000, and Mohéli 75’000). As a nation formed at a crossroads of different civilisations, the archipelago is noted for its diverse culture and history, first inhabited by Bantu speakers who came from East Africa, supplemented by Arab and Austronesian immigration.
The sovereign state is an archipelago consisting of three major islands and numerous smaller islands, all located in the volcanic Comoro Islands. The major islands are commonly known by their French name: Grande Comore (Ngazidja), Moheli (Mwali) and Anjouan (Nzwani). In addition, the country has a claim on a fourth island, Mayotte (Maore), located in the extreme south-east of the country which is currently administered by France (as an overseas department).
The Comoros is a member state of the African Union, the Francophonie, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, the Arab League (of which it is the most southern state, and the only Member State with a tropical climate and entirely located in the Southern Hemisphere) and the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC).
Generic country information can be located from sources which are regularly maintained and reflect current facts and figures. For a generic country overview, please consult the following sources:
Wikipedia information for Comoros
Economist Intelligence Unit information for Comoros*
(*note - this is a paid service)
Humanitarian Information
Comoros United Nation Development Programme information: http://www.km.undp.org
Comoros United Nations Children's Fund information: https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/comoros.html
Plateforme d’intervention régionale de l’océan Indien (PIROI) information: https://piroi.croix-rouge.fr/notre-actualite/?pf=37
Facts and Figures
1.1 Comoros Humanitarian Background
Disasters, Conflicts, and Migration
Natural Hazards |
||
---|---|---|
Type |
Occurs |
Comments / Details |
Drought |
No |
Droughts have never occurred in Comoros so far and is not considered as a risk in the national contingency plan. |
Earthquakes |
No |
While some weak shakes have been recorded in Mayotte, there has never been any earthquake in Comoros and it is not considered as a threat. |
Epidemics |
Yes |
Considered as the main threat by the authorities, the epidemiological profile of the country remains dominated by malaria, diarrheal diseases, intestinal parasites, and acute respiratory infections. These diseases cause high morbidity and mortality, especially for children under 5 and pregnant women. Over the last twenty years, the country has been affected by several health crises such as epidemics of dengue (1993), cholera (1998, 2001, 2007-2008), or chikungunya (2005). These outbreaks are largely due to an environment that is conducive to the development of pathogens, or linked to the dumping of garbage in cities and villages. |
Extreme Temperatures |
No |
Located just south of the equator, the islands of the Comoros have a tropical maritime climate, characterized by two distinct seasons depending on precipitation. A hot and humid season between December and April and a relatively cool season between May and November. Average temperatures throughout the year are relatively constant with a high in the range of 32–34 °C in December/January and a low in the range of 16–25 °C in July/August. |
Flooding |
Yes |
Flooding occur regularly during the rainy / cyclonic season but the risks for urban areas to be affected remain quite low. On April 12, 2012, heavy rains poured large amounts of water onto the surface of the islands that triggered floods and caused major damage in several parts of the country. Road infrastructure has been significantly damaged. About 65,000 people, or 10% of the population, were affected. Several families lost all their belongings and had to be evacuated and placed in foster homes across the country. Houses, livestock, agricultural parcels, and several activities ensuring the daily life of communities in the affected areas have not been spared. The damage has been estimated at more than 3 billion KMF. Three people lost their lives. In 2015, torrential rains have caused immense runoff that cut off the Tsidje road and threatened the northern area of the capital, Moroni. The spectre of impending floods has caused panic in the population living in these areas. |
Insect Infestation |
No |
N/A |
Mudslides |
Yes |
Mudslide happen frequently, especially during the cyclone season or after heavy rains. In 2014 in Anjouan, 300 people were evacuated and lost their houses. |
Volcanic Eruptions |
Yes |
Moroni is situated at the foot of Mount Karthala, 10 kilometers (6 miles) northwest from the volcano's crater. The 2,361-metre (7,746 ft.) high active volcano is reported to be one of the largest active volcanoes in the world, with a diameter of about 1.6 kilometers (1 mile) and erupting approximately every eleven years over the past 200 years. The eruption of 2005 caused displacement of a large number of people due to volcanic ash. Volcanic eruption is considered as the threat number 2 in the country contingency plan. |
High Waves / Surges |
Yes |
High waves and surges are common in Comoros, especially from December to April (Cyclonic season). During the last cyclone Kenneth, strong gusts of wind near 200 km/h created a strong swell, with an average height of 5 meters, with waves up to 10 meters. |
Wildfires |
Yes |
Wildfires are quite common due to some villagers burning land to produce charcoal for their domestic’s consumption. |
High Winds |
Yes |
The Comoro Islands have little experience with tropical cyclones since the islands lie very close to the equator, between 11 and 13 degrees south latitude. According to EM-DAT, the Comoros have endured only three damaging tropical cyclones since the 80s. The deadliest and most destructive was Tropical Cyclone Elinah which passed through the islands as a tropical storm with 136 to 193 kph winds on Jan. 11, 1983, killing 33 people and causing $23 million in damages. All 33 deaths occurred when a huge wave swept 40 people on the island of Anjouan into the water. Thirteen years after, Doloresse, a Category 1 tropical cyclone, which passed 40 miles west of the northern Comoros Islands on 17 February 1996, has caused extensive damage. Then, on April 23, 2019, tropical cyclone Kenneth (the third satellite-era system to evolve to a moderate or higher tropical storm stage in the area north of the Mozambique Channel, according to Météo-France) caused 7 dead, 182 injured, 19,372 displaced, 4,482 homes destroyed and 7,013 homes damaged |
Other Comments |
The Comoros archipelago, due to its geographical position and geological situation is vulnerable to various natural hazards. In the past years it has been affected by calamities such as tropical storms, floods, cholera epidemics, and volcano eruptions. Risks of floods and cyclones are persistent. Additional factors, as soil impermeabilization due to the volcano ash, and the landslides provoked by massive deforestation are elements that multiply the damaging effects of the heavy rains and transform them into floods. All these factors put all three islands at risk of infrastructure and crop destruction. Climate change is increasing frequency and intensity of these natural hazards. Grande Comore, the main island is dominated by the active volcano Karthala, 2361 m high. Shipwreck is one of the important issues to note as well, many cases have been reported these years between the three islands, and between Anjouan and Mayotte. Commercial ships or boats used for this trip don’t meet all requirements, causing frequent accidents. |
|
Man-Made Issues |
||
Civil Strife |
Yes |
Comoros has had 20 military coups on its government since independence in 1975. Its instability is almost matched by its poverty; as listed by the IMF, the Comoros ranks 166th out of 183 countries. In 2019, political parties have been striking for political issues and some of the demonstrators and opposition leaders have been arrested and put in jail. |
International Conflict |
No |
In November 1975, the Comoros became the 143rd member of the United Nations. The new nation was defined as comprising the entire archipelago, although the citizens of Mayotte chose to become French citizens and keep their island as a French territory. The Comoros has repeatedly pressed its claim to Mayotte before the United Nations General Assembly, which adopted a series of resolutions under the caption "Question of the Comorian Island of Mayotte", opining that Mayotte belongs to the Comoros under the principle that the territorial integrity of colonial territories should be preserved upon independence. To close the debate and to avoid being integrated by force in the Union of the Comoros, the population of Mayotte overwhelmingly chose to become an overseas department and a region of France in a 2009 referendum. Despite the Mayotte issue, a defense treaty with France provides naval resources for protection of territorial waters, training of Comorian military personnel, and air surveillance. |
Internally Displaced Persons |
No |
N/A |
Refugees Present |
No |
N/A |
Landmines / UXO Present |
No |
N/A |
Other Comments |
Despite political demonstrations and social strikes, Comoros is a peaceful country with no particular security problems. |
For more detailed database on disasters by country, please see the Centre for Research on Epidemiology of Disasters: EMDAT information for Comoros
Seasonal Effects on Logistics Capacities
Seasonal Effects on Transport | ||
---|---|---|
Transport | Time Frame | Comments |
Primary Road Transport | Nov-Apr | Primary roads are paved and passable all year. Blockages can be caused by landslides during the rainy season. The asphalt has deteriorated in some places. 16 Million Euros of the 10th EU FED are invested for the road network repairing. |
Secondary Road Transport | Nov-Apr | Non-paved roads can be non-passable during the rainy season. |
Rail Transport | N/A | N/A |
Air Transport | All year round | Air services are sometimes affected on account of severe weather conditions. |
Waterway Transport | All year round | Maritime transport is related to weather conditions; lack of well sheltered ports in Grand Comore and Moheli can impede load/unload operations with bad weather. |
Seasonal Affects on Storage and Handling |
||
---|---|---|
Activity |
Comments |
From <month> to <month> |
Storage |
N/A |
N/A |
Handling |
Bulk cargo can't be transshipped during the rainy season in Moroni port. |
Nov - May |
Other |
N/A |
N/A |
Capacity and Contacts for In-Country Emergency Response
Government
The DGSC (Direction Générale de la Sécurité Civile), under the authority of the Ministry of Interior is the department in charge of the National civil Security and Civil Protection. It is a national entity in charge of preparation, coordination, prevention and response of emergency crisis in Comoros. It has been officially established through a president official decree and leaders are appointed though the same decree. The operational section of the DGSC is the Centre des Operations de Secours et de la Protection Civile (COSEP). COSEP is the main organ of early warning and coordination of operations during a disaster response.
In case of emergencies COSEP coordinates the response: Civil Protection, UN, the Red Cross, or Comoros Red Crescent, and NGOs meets in the DGSC base.
The Comorian Government, with the collaboration and funding from UNDP have established a risk analysis and an operational emergency response plan for cyclones and volcanic eruptions. The Observatoire du Volcan Karthala (OVK) volcanic observatory has been established to monitor the seismic and volcanic activity.
For more information on government contact details, please see the following link: 4.1 Government Contact List.
Humanitarian Community
The international humanitarian community has little presence on the Comoros archipelago. The French Red Cross, through the PIROI (Regional Intervention Platform for the Indian Ocean), set up, from the year 2000, a regional structure of intervention in case of disaster including pre-stored relief and emergency stocks such as: buckets, jerry cans, mosquito nets, lanterns, stoves, treatment units Water, family tents, rescue station, warehouse tent (66sqm), and sleeping mats.
The Comoros Red Crescent trains and coordinates volunteers who can intervene when needed. Several UN agencies such as UNDP, UNICEF, WHO and the World Bank are present in Moroni, the regional office of WFP in Johannesburg has set up a rapid response plan for natural disasters.
Citizens and the private sector in the country are actively participating and donating, after the floods in May 2012 and hurricane Kenneth in 2019.
For more information on humanitarian agency details, please see the following link: 4.2 Comoros Humanitarian Agency Contact List.
1.2 Comoros Regulatory Departments & Quality Control
Overview
There is no department responsible for regulating consumer products in the Comoros. All sectors of activity are attached to a ministry and subject to the regulation and control of a specific state agency under their supervision and able to achieve quality control tests.
There are no private or independent laboratories even if some other public entities are able to provide some services such as the University of Comoros or El Maarouf General Hospital in Moroni.
Various regulatory departments and quality control agencies
Food
The National Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and the Environment (INRAPE) is in charge of food quality control, but only conducts physical inspections. Therefore, the submission of the phytosanitary certificate issued by the supplier in the country of origin is mandatory to import food into Comoros.
Water
The Ma-mwe (national water and electricity supplier) has its own water analysis laboratory. The University of Comoros can also perform some tests on request.
Medicines
The state agency OCOPHARMA (Comorian Office of Pharmaceutical Products) is a procurement platform that allows pharmacies in Comoros to buy quality drugs at wholesale prices. They are able to perform some tests and quality checks on drugs.
Biomedical
The El Marouf Hospital in Moroni has a laboratory service for biomedical analyses.
Hydrocarbons
The Comorian Hydrocarbons Corporation (CHS) is the state-owned company that imports fuel into the Comoros and conducts quality tests before resale.
For more information on regulatory departments and quality control laboratories’ contact details, please see the following links:
1.3 Comoros Customs Information
Duties and Tax Exemption
The Comorian customs authorities report to the Ministry of Finance and Budget. They are responsible for the implementation and enforcement of the laws and regulations governing the movement of goods, persons, means of transport and capital entering and leaving the national territory.
Customs revenue represents 41.8% of the national budget revenue of the Union of the Comoros.
The tariff code applied to the Comoros refers to the Single Article of Law No. 90-022 adopting the Harmonized System as the Customs Tariff for Designation and Codification of Goods.
In line with the international customs model, the Comorian Government deposited with the General Secretariat of the World Customs Organization (WCO) on 7 January 2013 its instrument of accession to the 1988 International Harmonized System Convention. designation and codification of goods. Thus, the Comoros became the 146th Contracting Party to the HS Convention. This leads to a clear improvement in the national tariff that will migrate from HS 2012 to HS 2017.
For information on Comoros Customs contact information, please see the following link:
4.1 Comoros Government Contact List
Emergency Response
When an emergency is officially declared by the Government, there is a simplified process to streamline the duty- and tax-free importation of goods through the DES (Déclaration d’Enlèvement Spéciale / Special Withdrawal Declaration).
Agreements / Conventions Description |
Ratified by Country? (Yes / No) |
---|---|
WCO (World Customs Organization) member |
Yes, since 01-07-1993 |
Annex J-5 Revised Kyoto Convention |
No |
OCHA Model Agreement |
No |
Tampere Convention (on the Provision of Telecommunication Resources for Disaster Mitigation and Relief Operations) |
No, but telecommunication equipment used for disaster mitigation and relief operation can obtain exemption from custom duty through a request to COSEP. |
Regional Agreements (on emergency/disaster response, but also customs unions, regional integration) |
No |
Exemption Regular Regime (Non-Emergency Response)
Following cases can benefit from customs duties and taxes exemption:
- The diplomatic corps in accordance with the Vienna Convention
- The holders of Accreditation in accordance with the Investment Code (the Accreditation is issued by the National Agency for the Promotion of Investment)
- The signatories of a contract / establishment agreement with the Comorian Government
Exemption Certificate Application Procedure
- The request for exemption for the Diplomatic Corps is submitted to the Ministry of Finance by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs after it has been referred to him by the representative of the applicant.
- For the holders of Accreditation and the signatories of a contract or agreement of establishment with the Government, the request for exemption can be submitted directly to the Customs Administration by an authorized customs agent (with a copy of the authorization must be attached to the file).
Exemption Certificate Document Requirements
Duties and Taxes Exemption Certificate Document Requirements (by commodity) |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Food |
NFI (Shelter, WASH, Education) |
Medicines |
Vehicle & Spare Parts |
Staff & Office Supplies |
Telecoms Equipment |
Invoice |
Yes, original |
Yes, original |
Yes, original |
Yes, original |
Yes, original |
Yes, original |
AWB/BL/Other Transport Documents |
Yes, original |
Yes, original |
Yes, original |
Yes, original |
Yes, original |
Yes, original |
Donation/Non-Commercial Certificates |
Yes, original |
Yes, original |
Yes, original |
Yes, original |
Yes, original |
Yes, original |
Packing Lists |
Yes, original |
Yes, original |
Yes, original |
Yes, original |
Yes, original |
Yes, original |
Other Documents |
Certificate of origin |
Certificate of origin |
Certificate of origin |
Vehicle registration certificate |
Certificate of origin |
Certificate of origin |
Additional Notes |
||||||
n/a |
Customs Clearance
General Information
Customs Information |
|
---|---|
Document Requirements |
The import declaration with all the attachments cited in the previous table.
|
Embargoes |
None |
Prohibited Items |
Any merchandise that could undermine denominational principles or undermine the morals of citizens. Alcohol and tobacco are considered prohibited and require a special license for their importation and resale. |
General Restrictions |
Narcotic drugs in general, protected animal species. |
Customs Clearance Document Requirements
Duties and Taxes Clearance Certificate Document Requirements (by commodity) |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Food |
NFI (Shelter, WASH, Education) |
Medicines |
Vehicles & Spare Parts |
Staff & Office Supplies |
Telecoms Equipment |
D&T Exemption Certificate |
Yes, Original |
Yes, Original |
Yes, Original |
Yes, Original |
Yes, Original |
Yes, Original |
Invoice | Yes, Original | Yes, Original | Yes, Original | Yes, Original | Yes, Original | Yes, Original |
AWB/BL/Other Transport Documents |
Yes, Original |
Yes, Original |
Yes, Original |
Yes, Original |
Yes, Original |
Yes, Original |
Donation/Non-Commercial Certificates |
Yes, Original |
Yes, Original |
Yes, Original |
Yes, Original |
Yes, Original |
Yes, Original |
Packing Lists |
Yes, Original |
Yes, Original |
Yes, Original |
Yes, Original |
Yes, Original |
Yes, Original |
Phytosanitary Certificates | Yes, Original | No | Yes, Original | No | No | No |
Other Documents |
Origin Certificate |
Origin Certificate |
Origin Certificate |
Origin Certificate |
Origin Certificate |
Origin Certificate |
Additional Notes |
||||||
n/a |
Transit Regime
Since there has been no transit of humanitarian goods to a third country in the Comoros to date, no specific regime has been provided for this purpose.